Fluid intake of children, adolescents and adults in Indonesia: results of the 2016 Liq.In7 national cross-sectional survey

P W Laksmi,C Morin,S A Kavouras,H Martinez,I Guelinckx,J Gandy,J Salas-Salvadó,L A Moreno

doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1740-z

Abstract

PurposeTo report daily total fluid intake (TFI) and fluid types in Indonesia according to age, sex, socio-economic status (SES) and geographic region, and compare TFI with the Indonesian adequate fluid intake (AI) recommendations.MethodsData were collected in 32 cities over nine regions from children (4–9 years, n = 388), adolescents, (10–17 years, n = 478) and adults (18–65 years, n = 2778) using a fluid intake 7-day record (Liq.In7); socio-economic status was also recorded. The 7-day mean TFIs were compared with the AI of water set by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.ResultsTotal median fluid intakes for all age groups exceeded 2000 mL/day. At population level, TFI was associated with household income (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001) and Indonesian geographical regions (P < 0.001). More than 67% of participants met the AI of water from fluids. A higher percentage of children and adolescents met the AI (78 and 80%, respectively), compared with adults (72%). Drinking water was the main contributor to TFI in all age groups (76–81%). Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) were consumed by 62% children, 72% adolescents and 61% of adults. An SSB intake ≥ 1 serving per day was observed for 24% children, 41% adolescents and 33% adults.ConclusionsA high percentage of the population drank enough to meet the AI of water from fluids. Water was the most frequently consumed drink; however, many participants consumed at least one serving of SSB per day. This study provides data to help direct targeted intervention programs.

Highlights

Nutrition and diet surveys are used to identify public health priorities
With increasing recognition of the role of water and adequate hydration in the prevention [1, 2] and management of diseases [3, 4], it is essential that such surveys assess total water and fluid intake to inform such priorities
The Indonesian Ministry of Health applied the same method as European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and has published dietary recommendations on the adequate intake of water (Online Resource Table S1) [7]

Summary

Introduction

With increasing recognition of the role of water and adequate hydration in the prevention [1, 2] and management of diseases [3, 4], it is essential that such surveys assess total water and fluid intake to inform such priorities. Age- and sex-specific recommendations on adequate intake (AI) of water have been established for many countries, for example, the USA Institute of Medicine [5]. These recommendations for total water intake (TWI) are based. The Indonesian Ministry of Health applied the same method as EFSA and has published dietary recommendations on the adequate intake of water (Online Resource Table S1) [7]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion