Flow rates alter the outcome of coral bleaching and growth experiments

Abstract

It is important to consider flow rate explicitly in coral growth and bleaching studies across multiple species with differing life histories to guide coral conservation, management and captive culture. We quantified growth rates and coral bleaching responses to thermal stress (approx. 18 DHW) in flow-through aquaria with various current velocities to test whether flow conditions alter experimental outcomes. Across natural flow rates (< 1 to over 50 cm/sec), Montipora capitata, Pocillopora acuta, and Pocillopora meandrina showed increased growth and bleaching recovery at intermediate flow rates. Growth rates for all species increased from no flow to intermediate (50–100 turnovers-per-hour, ~ 10–30 cm/s), but then decreased at highest flow (> 190 tph, > 50 cm/s) although this trend was not significant for P. meandrina. The flow treatment with highest recovery from temperature stress differed across species, ranging from 4 tph in the flow-loving P. meandrina to 210 tph in the lagoonal M. capitata, indicating that natural flow regime alone is not predictive. Fragments from the same individual (e.g., P. acuta colony 8) held under identical thermal conditions continue bleaching and die under one flow regime (4 tph), whereas they recover from bleaching (30 tph) or grow fastest (105 tph) under different flow treatments. Flow is rarely reported in the literature, but uncontrolled flow effects may help to explain some of the variation in coral bleaching results reported across the literature. Significant differences among individual colonies, and colony-by-flow interactions, preclude generalizations beyond that flow rates can alter the outcome of both coral growth and bleaching experiments.