Flow patterns in nappe flow regime down low gradient stepped chutes

Abstract

Although modern gravity dam spillways include often steep chutes operating in skimming flow regime, succession of free-falling nappes (i.e. nappe flow regime) are more common on low gradient chutes and cascades, and this flow situation received little attention to date. New experiments were conducted in nappe flows without hydraulic jump in two large-size facilities with flat slopes. The flow on the stepped cascade displayed complex, three-dimensional patterns. Detailed air–water flow measurements were performed in the jet, at nappe impact and in the downstream flow region. Key results demonstrated that the flow on each step was rapidly varied, highly three-dimensional and strongly aerated.