Abstract
Patterns on the air–water interface of a swirling cylinder flow are produced via hydrodynamic symmetry-breaking instability of the bulk flow. The patterns are rotating waves breaking the axisymmetry of the system and are longitudinal at the free surface (i.e., not surface deforming). Qualitative observations and quantitative measurements of velocity and vorticity are provided. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes computations identify the symmetry-breaking mode responsible for the waves. These waves are then used to pattern Langmuir monolayers at concentrations sufficiently below saturation.
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