Abstract
Background: Bark- and wood-boring forest insects spread via international trade. Surveys frequently target new arrivals to mitigate establishment. Alternatively, monitoring pest activity in exporting countries can inform arrival and establishmentrisk. Methods: We report >3 years data from daily sampling of bark- and wood-boring insects that are associated with recently felled Pinus radiata D.Don at five New Zealand ports. Results: Average catch differed between ports and months with Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant), Hylurgus ligniperda F., and Hylastes ater (Paykull) comprising 99.6% of the total catch. Arhopalus ferus was absent during winter with Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda activity between June and August representing 3.5 and 3.7% of total catch, respectively. Maximum temperature and wind speed influenced flight activity of all three species but not universally across all ports. Flight activity transitioned to a nonlinear pattern above 20°C. Arhopalus ferus has a unimodal flight risk period between late-September and late-April. Hylastes ater was also unimodal except in Dunedin where it was bimodal like Hylurgus ligniperda was in all regions with spring and mid- to late-summer activity periods. Although Hylastes ater was observed during winter, the probability of a flight event during winter was between 0 and 0.02 per week. Hylurgus ligniperda flight probability was zero in Dunedin and low at all other ports from May to August. Conclusions: Modelling seasonal changes in flight probability can inform risk-based phytosanitary measures. We demonstrate the utility of maximum temperature and seasonality as a predictor of wood commodity infestation risk. Such predictors allow National Plant Protection Organisations to develop standards that protect the post-treatment phytosanitary security of individual consignments.
Highlights
Bark- and wood-boring insects have spread widely as a result of international trade (Brockerhoff et al 2006; Haack 2006)
We report here the results from three years of continuous trapping to assess the flight activity of seven bark- or wood-boring species (Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant), Hylastes ater (Paykull), Hylurgus ligniperda F., Mitrastethus baridioides Redtenbacher, Pachycotes peregrinus (Chapuis), Prionoplus reticularis White, and Sirex noctilio (F.)) at the five major log- and timberexporting ports in New Zealand
Species-level analyses were restricted to the three most abundant species, A. ferus, Hylastes ater, and Hylurgus ligniperda that differed in average catch both between ports and months (Additional File: Fig. A3)
Summary
Bark- and wood-boring insects have spread widely as a result of international trade (Brockerhoff et al 2006; Haack 2006). There are a number of tools and strategies used in surveillance programmes; trapping programmes that use Pawson et al New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science (2020) 50:14 a synthetic chemical lure (or combination of lures) are commonly used to survey for bark- and wood-borer activity at ports and their immediate surrounds due to their high efficacy and relatively low cost (Allison et al 2018; Chase et al 2018; Flaherty et al 2018; Rassati et al 2014) Such surveys characterise the phenology of the native fauna and existing exotic species (Brockerhoff et al 2006; Wylie et al 2008) and has reported range expansion of species both within and outside their native biogeographic range (Rassati et al 2018). Monitoring pest activity in exporting countries can inform arrival and establishment risk
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