Abstract
Abstract Zinc alginate (ZnAlg) was prepared and subsequently employed to modify ammonium ligninsulfonate-based polyurethane foams (PUFs). A range of analytical techniques, including thermogravimetry, integral programmed decomposition temperature, activation energy, smoke density, cone calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy, were employed to characterise the modified PUFs. The results demonstrated that PUFA15Z5 (15 % ammonium lignin sulfonate and 5 g ZnAlg) with the lowest mass loss exhibited the second-highest sample decomposition temperature (T50 %), second-highest peak temperature (TMAX2), IPDT and activation energy. Furthermore, the PUFA15Z5 sample exhibited the smallest smoke density (23.11) and the highest light transmittance (67.11 %). The peak heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, total smoke release and four fire risk assessment indicators of PUFA15Z5 were the lowest, while its carbon residue was the densest. The results demonstrated that PUFA15Z5 exhibited the most favourable thermal stability, flame retardant properties and the lowest smoke toxicity. These findings provide a valuable reference for subsequent biomass-based flame retardant modified polyurethane foams (PUFs).
Published Version
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