Abstract
Urease-producing bacteria (especially Proteus mirabilis) can cause infection kidney stone. However, recent studies have shown that intact viable non-urease-producing bacteria such as Escherichia coli might also promote calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stone formation but with unclear mechanism. We thus hypothesized that some relevant bacterial components might be responsible for such promoting effects of the intact viable E. coli. Flagella, capsule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were isolated/purified and their stone modulatory activities were evaluated using CaOx crystallization, crystal growth, and crystal aggregation assays. Among these, flagella had the most potent promoting effects on CaOx crystallization, crystal growth, and crystal aggregation. Validation was performed by deflagellation demonstrating that the deflagellated intact viable E. coli had markedly reduced CaOx crystal modulatory activities in all aspects (comparable to those of the negative controls). Similarly, neutralization of the isolated/purified flagella using a specific anti-flagellin antibody, not an isotype control, could abolish the promoting effects of flagella. These findings provide direct evidence indicating that flagellum is responsible for the promoting effects of the viable E. coli on CaOx crystallization, crystal growth and aggregation.
Highlights
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is frequently associated with kidney stone disease with two possible dilemmas (Frang et al, 1981; Miano et al, 2007)
Inoculation of different bacterial species (e.g., Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Edwardsiella tarda, and E. coli, etc.) into a culture medium for up to 7–11 days resulted in generation of different types of crystalline materials, e.g., calcium pyrophosphate, hydroxyl apatite, and calcite-III crystals (Keefe, 1976)
These findings suggest that non-urease-producing bacteria might induce kidney stone formation
Summary
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is frequently associated with kidney stone disease with two possible dilemmas (Frang et al, 1981; Miano et al, 2007). UTI is the priming event leading to kidney stone formation and the stone generated following UTI is termed “infection stone,” which has been previously referred only to infection caused by urease-producing bacteria, especially Proteus mirabilis (Bichler et al, 2002; Miano et al, 2007; Flannigan et al, 2014). Recent in vivo evidence has suggested that some common non-urease producing bacteria such as Escherichia coli might induce formation of CaOx stone, E. coli Flagellum Promotes CaOx Crystallization the most common type of previously classified “metabolic stone” (Tavichakorntrakool et al, 2012). Capsule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were isolated/purified and their stone modulatory activities were evaluated using CaOx crystallization, crystal growth, and crystal aggregation assays
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