Abstract
Fish processing industry has experienced significant growth, playing an important role in the world economy. The increased exploration of marine resources contributes to the generation of considerable amounts of biowaste, which ends up as discards. In the face of the resultant disposal and environmental problems, many efforts have been made to deal with the fishery waste in more efficient ways. Nowadays, these by-products are regarded as important sources of high added value compounds, such as hydroxyapatite, collagen, gelatin, lipids, enzymes, hydrolysates and bioactive peptides, with great potential for human health applications. The present paper aims to review the current methods of extraction and characterization of added value products from fish by-products, as well as their actual and potential applications.
Highlights
The increased exploration of marine resources contributes to the generation of considerable amounts of biowaste
Worldwide, Fish processing industry (FPI) is responsible for the production of high amounts of biowaste
Fish by-products, such as bones, scales, skin and viscera have been studied as potential raw materials for isolation of added-value compounds, with different applications on several fields
Summary
The extraction of collagen from fish by-products consists of three main stages: pretreatment of the raw material, isolation of the product of interest and purification (see Fig. 2) [74]. Sinthusamran et al [90] described the extraction of collagen from two by-products of seabass, skin and swim bladder, following the ASC procedure. Ali et al [93] studied the extraction efficiency of collagen from the skin of golden carp by using ultrasound treatment in conjugation with acid and pepsin soluble collagen procedures. The use of ultrasound in conjugation with acidic or enzymatic methods resulted in a marked increase in collagen yields This effect was more pronounced in the ASC procedure (up to 1.57-fold). The IASC process resulted in seven times higher collagen extraction than ASC and two times higher than PSC, contributing to a significant reduction in the time of extraction Despite these results the use of physical methods may be disadvantageous for industrial purposes due to the high energetic costs. The authors were able to observe that the highest yield (62.12%) derived from the treatment with sulphuric and acetic acids followed by ultrasounds extraction
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