Fish oil supplementation in diabetic nephropathy prevents: inflammatory and oxidative stress target

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of progressive kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. The major treatment strategy for the prevention and cure of diabetic nephropathy development and progression is based on the management of blood glucose, blood pressure, lipids, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Fish oil is important for human health because of its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3. Inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways are potential targets of omega-3 fish oil for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Many studies have proven the activity of fish oil for both single and adjuvant therapy. However, not all experiments on animal models are effective in human research. This review provides thoughts on progress in research on a pre-clinical and clinical study of fish oil as a diabetic nephropathy therapy. According to a literature search, fish oil inhibits inflammation, specifically tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and nuclear factor-κB. Several markers have an influence on oxidative stress, including glutathione, superoxide dismutase-1, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-1, glutathione reductase, and malondialdehyde. Several investigations have shown that research findings in experimental animals are not always the same as those in clinical trials. The main findings of this review were to identify the main causes of oxidative stress and inflammation from the use of fish oil in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. Different results were found in several animal experiments and clinical tests, but they should be considered when treating diabetes. In the future, things like where the oil comes from and how good the fish oil is must also be considered carefully.