First Report of Muskmelon Fruit Rot Caused by Fusarium nanum in China.

Abstract

Muskmelon(Cucumis meloL.) is one of the most widely cultivated and economically important fruit crops in the world.However, many pathogens can cause decay ofmuskmelon fruit, including Fusarium asiaticum, F. equiseti, F. incarnatum and F. lateritium (Hao et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2019). Fusarium spp. are the most important pathogens affecting muskmelon fruit yield and quality (Wang et al. 2011). In August 2020, fruitrot symptoms were observed on ripening muskmelons (cv. Tianbao) in several fields in Jiyang District, Jinan City of Shandong Province, China. The incidences of infected muskmelon ranged from 15% to 30% and caused an average 20% yield loss. Symptoms appeared as pale brown, water-soaked lesions that were irregular in shape, with the lesion sizes ranging from a small spot (1 to 2 cm) to decay of the entire fruit. The core and surface of infected fruit were colonized and covered with white mycelia. Two infected muskmelons were collected from two fields, 7 km apart. Tissues removed from inside the infected fruit were surface disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s, and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C in the dark for 5 days. Four purified cultures were obtained using the single spore method.On carnation leaf agar (CLA), macroconidia were 1 to 5 septate, falcate, with a pronounced dorsiventral curvature with blunt to papillate apical cell, and barely to distinctly notched basal cell, measuring 12 to 35 × 3.5 to 6 μm. Microconidia and chlamydospores were not observed. These morphological characteristics were consistent with the description of Fusarium sp. Because these isolates had similar morphology, two representative isolates (XP9 and XP10) were selected for multilocus phylogenetic analyses. DNA was extracted from the representative isolates using a CTAB method. Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) (White et al. 1990), calmodulin (CAM), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) (Xia et al. 2019) were amplified using specific primers, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (ITS: MW391507 and MW391508, CAM: MW392787 and MW392788, RPB2: MW392795 and MW392796, TEF1: MW392791 and MW392792). The Fusarium MLST database pairwise alignment of ITS (546 bp), CAM (628 bp), RPB2 (902 bp) and TEF1 (718 bp) sequences from isolate XP9 showed 99.63%, 99.33%, 100.00% and 99.71% similarity with the corresponding sequences (GQ505685, GQ505508, GQ505774 and GQ505596) of the reference strain of F. nanum (NRRL 22244), respectively. The overlap of ITS, CAM, RPB2 and TEF1 sequences from XP9 and NRRL 22244 were 100.00%, 95.06%, 97.45% and 94.99%, respectively. Alignments of a combined dataset of ITS, CAM, RPB2 and TEF1 were made using MAFFT v. 7, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA v. 7.0 using the maximum likelihood method. The muskmelon isolates (XP9 and XP10) clustered together with theF. nanum reference strain CGMCC3.19498 and NRRL 22244 (100% bootstrap) (Wang et al., 2019). To perform a pathogenicity test, 10 μl of conidial suspensions (1 × 106 conidia/ml) were injected into each muskmelon fruit using a syringe, and the control fruit was inoculated with 10 μl of sterile distilled water. There were ten replicated fruits for each treatment. The test was repeated three times. After 7 days at 25°C, the interior of the inoculated muskmelons begun to rot, and the rot lesion expanded from the core towards the surface of the fruit, then white mycelia were produced on the surface. Ten isolations were re-isolated from the infected tissues and identified by morphological and phylogenetic analyses and confirmed to fulfill Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on the control muskmelons. To our knowledge, this is the first report of muskmelon fruit rot caused by F. nanum in China. Considering the economic value of the muskmelon crop, correct identification can help farmers select appropriate field management measures for control of this disease.