Abstract
Herein, the aim was to study the state of the bone tissue adjacent to dental implants after the use of extracellular vesicles derived from multipotent stromal cells (MSC EVs) of bone marrow origin in the experiment. In compliance with the rules of asepsis and antiseptics under general intravenous anesthesia with propofol, the screw dental implants were installed in the proximal condyles of the tibia of outbred rabbits without and with preliminary introduction of 19.2 μg MSC EVs into each bone tissue defect. In 3, 7, and 10 days after the operation, the density of bone tissue adjacent to different parts of the implant using an X-ray unit with densitometer was measured. In addition, the histological examinations of the bone site with the hole from the removed device and the soft tissues from the surface of the proximal tibial condyle in the area of intra-bone implants were made. It was found out that 3 days after implantation with the use of MSC EVs, the bone density was statistically significantly higher by 47.2% than after the same implantation, but without the injection of MSC EVs. It is possible that as a result of the immunomodulatory action of MSC EVs, the activity of inflammation decreases, and, respectively, the degree of vasodilation in bones and leukocyte infiltration of the soft tissues are lower, in comparison with the surgery performed in the control group. The bone fragments formed during implantation are mainly consolidated with each other and with the regenerating bone. Day 10 demonstrated that all animals with the use of MSC EVs had almost complete fusion of the screw device with the bone tissue, whereas after the operation without the application of MSC EVs, the heterogeneous histologic pattern was observed: From almost complete osseointegration of the implant to the absolute absence of contact between the foreign body and the new formed bone. Therefore, the use of MSC EVs during the introduction of dental implants into the proximal condyle of the tibia of rabbits contributes to an increase of the bone tissue density near the device after 3 days and to the achievement of consistently successful osseointegration of implants 10 days after the surgery.
Highlights
All over the world, the number and volume of surgery associated with the implantation of products made from artificial materials, including metals, are increasing [1].Reconstruction of the patient’s tissues should be considered from an aesthetic point of view, achieving a cosmetic result, restoring lost functions, and ensuring adequate hygiene are of great importance.Despite the many general reactions of the body, which perceives the implant as a foreign body, individual effects are often associated with the properties of the materials from which the implant is made [2]
During densitometry and combining the data obtained from all five measurement points around the implanted device, it was found that 3 days after implantation with the use of multipotent stromal/stem cells (MSCs) extracellular vesicles (EVs), the bone density was statistically significantly higher by 47.2% than after the same implantation, but without the application of MSC EVs (Tables 1 and 2; Figures 1a,b, 2a,b, and 3a)
It can be noted that the use of MSC EVs led to a smaller number of leukocytes in the soft tissues from the surface of the proximal tibial condyle already on the 3rd day after implantation and to a less pronounced decrease in their number further, in comparison with the surgery performed in the control group
Summary
The number and volume of surgery associated with the implantation of products made from artificial materials, including metals, are increasing [1].Reconstruction of the patient’s tissues should be considered from an aesthetic point of view, achieving a cosmetic result, restoring lost functions, and ensuring adequate hygiene are of great importance.Despite the many general reactions of the body, which perceives the implant as a foreign body, individual effects are often associated with the properties of the materials from which the implant is made [2]. Cell technologies have certain prospects for modification of the surface of products and improving the results of intraosseous implantation. Surgical intervention was performed in compliance with all the rules of asepsis and antiseptics under general intravenous anesthesia with propofol. In both proximal tibial condyles of rabbits, standardized 4 mm holes were created with a 2 mm dental bur and cooled by sterile saline solution [14,27,31]. The. MSC EVs dose was selected based on the average dose recommended by other researchers: 10–20 μg/mL [11]; 0.6 μg, 5 μg or 50 μg [33]; 50 μg for the same bone tissue defect of the proximal tibial condyle [14,27]; 100 μg immediately after surgery and weekly for 12 weeks [32]. Each group consisted of 3–4 animals, 19 animals in total
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