First codification of Vietnamese by 17th-century missionaries: the description of tones and the influence of Portuguese on Vietnamese orthography

Abstract

We analyse the importance of the generation of Jesuit pioneer missionaries at the service of the Portuguese Patronage for the implementation of quốc ngữ [national language] in present-day Vietnam and the linguistic description of the tonology of Annamese or Tonkinese (former names of Vietnamese). We analyse, in particular, the manuscript Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem (ca. 1745 [ante 1623]) by Francisco de Pina, S.J. (1585/1586–1625), and the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum and the grammatical treatise Linguae Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis Brevis Declaratio (Rome 1651) by Alexandre de Rhodes, S.J. (1593–1660). We corroborate that Pina was indeed the first to use the Romanization system of Tonkinese, and we establish that he was also the first to describe its six tones in detail. Rhodes expanded Pina’s knowledge, which is particularly explicit in the description of Tonkinese tonology. We also explain that Rhodes used lost manuscript dictionaries written by Gaspar do Amaral, S.J. (1594–1646) and Antonio Barbosa, S.J. (1594–1647), which is evident mainly in the use of the “Portuguese” digraph to represent the phoneme /ɲ/.