Abstract
In order to assess the residual effects of fipronil 1% on tsetse fly survival, male Glossina palpalis gambiensis were released on non-treated and treated cattle, with 0.1 ml of fipronil/kg b.w. as a pour-on formulation. In a second trial, the female fecundity performances were evaluated by feeding teneral females on the same cattle. These females were then mated and their production parameters monitored, as well as the survival of freshly emerged flies. Fipronil had a significant effect on tsetse fly survival (p < 0.001). Over a period of 30 days, up to 40% of tsetse fly mortality was observed within 72 h after tsetse were released. The residual effects ranged between 51 and 74 days when tsetse flies were released twice within a 15-day interval in the presence of a treated animal. When tsetse flies were fed on treated cattle through a parafilm membrane, 92 days after the treatment, no significant effect of fipronil was observed on the reproductive performance of females, i.e., as well as on fecundity (p = 0.948) and emergence rates (p = 0.743), or puparial weight (p = 0.422). This was also the case for the survival of young flies, with no difference observed between the two groups. After this study, it is confirmed that fipronil is highly effective against tsetse flies. Its efficacy in controlling ticks is already known but other externalities such as the control of biting insects add value to its use.
Highlights
Vector control has been a major component for the control of human and animal African trypanosomosis
Fipronil had a significant impact on tsetse flies’ survival (p < 0.0001) and the survival index of control flies I was two times higher than those fed on the treated animal (Table 1)
There is a significant interaction between the variable Btreatment^ and the variable Bdays after treatment.^ The days after treatment influence the average survival time of flies, while survival of control tsetse flies is independent from time
Summary
Vector control has been a major component for the control of human and animal African trypanosomosis. There is a need to determine the treatment frequency in order to offer adapted recommendations to farmers. These requirements are already known for insecticides like deltamethrin (up to 90 days, Bauer et al 1995). Fipronil is acting at the level of the ligand-gated chloride channels in insects (Hunter et al 1994). It is controlled by the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), interfering with the pre- and post-synaptic transfer of chloride ions across cell membranes. Since previous work by Bauer and Baumann (2015) showed long-lasting effects on survival of exposed Glossina palpalis gambiensis, we put particular emphasis on assessing eventual additional effects on the reproductive performance of tsetse flies
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