Abstract
Hydrogen has attracted global attention as a clean secondary energy source and has numerous possible applications, including fuel for vehicles. To store the hydrogen effectively, ammonia is considered promising due to high hydrogen density, stability, and total energy efficiency. Adopting ammonia as a fuel in vehicles requires a proper fuel tank design to fulfill the required volumetric content and safety standards, without neglecting the economic objectives. In general, a type-IV pressure vessel is utilized as a fuel tank because it is the lightest one, compared to other types of pressure vessel. This paper focuses on the effort to develop a lightweight type-IV ammonia pressure vessel designed for mobility vehicles. The material combination (liner and composite) and composite stacking sequence are analyzed for both burst and impact tests by using a finite element method. Two polymer materials of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) are evaluated as the liner considering their ultimate tensile strength, density, cost, and compatibility with ammonia, while carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) are adopted as composite skins. In addition, five composite stacking sequences are analyzed in this study. Von Mises stress and Hashin’s damage initiation criteria are used to evaluate the performance of liner and composite, respectively. As the results, PP-based pressure vessels generate lower stress in the liner compared to PET-based vessels. In addition, CFRP-based pressure vessels have a higher safety margin and are able to generate lower stress in the liner and lower damage initiation criteria in the composite skin. The material combination of PP-CFRP with a stacking sequence of [90/±30/90]3s gives the lowest maximum stress in the liner during the burst test, while, for the impact test, the stacking sequence of [90/±θ/90]3s is considered the most appropriate option to realize a lower stress at the liner, although this tendency is relatively small for vessels with PP liner.
Highlights
According to the global warming of 1.5 ◦ C issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), the average global temperature has increased 0.86 ◦ C for the decade of 2006–2015 above the pre-industrial baseline due to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) [1]
This study focuses on the burst and impact tests conducted by numerical simulation adopting the finite element method
As there are four pressure vessel, there are different of burst pressure burst test, a maximum the linervessel is used as the optimum the liner, testing requirements
Summary
According to the global warming of 1.5 ◦ C issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), the average global temperature has increased 0.86 ◦ C for the decade of 2006–2015 above the pre-industrial baseline due to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) [1]. The hydrogen compressed at 700 bar, which is currently adopted for hydrogen-fueled vehicles, shows a higher energy density of 5.6 MJ/L This is still significantly lower than gasoline (34.2 MJ/L) and methanol (15.6 MJ/L) [5]. Hydrogen storage can be carried out through several methods, including physical (compression and liquefaction), chemical (metal and chemical hydrides), and adsorption (nanoporous carbons and metal-organic frameworks) [7,8]. Among those hydrogen storage methods, ammonia (NH3 ) is considered very efficient due to its high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities, which are 17.8 wt% and 120.3 kg-H2 /m3 , respectively [9]. Ammonia can be synthesized via different routes of conversion, including
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