Finite edge-transitive oriented graphs of valency four with cyclic normal quotients

Abstract

We study finite four-valent graphs \(\Gamma \) admitting an edge-transitive group G of automorphisms such that G determines and preserves an edge-orientation on \(\Gamma \), and such that at least one G-normal quotient is a cycle (a quotient modulo the orbits of a normal subgroup of G). We show, on the one hand, that the number of distinct cyclic G-normal quotients can be unboundedly large. On the other hand, existence of independent cyclic G-normal quotients (that is, they are not extendable to a common cyclic G-normal quotient) places severe restrictions on the graph \(\Gamma \) and we classify all examples. We show there are five infinite families of such pairs \((\Gamma ,G)\) and in particular that all such graphs have at least one normal quotient which is an unoriented cycle. We compare this new approach with existing treatments for the sub-class of weak metacirculant graphs with these properties, finding that only two infinite families of examples occur in common from both analyses. Several open problems are posed.