Filozoficzne i pragmatyczne ograniczenia etyki biznesu

The moral nature of corporations has been discussed for a long time. But, since 2001, with enormous economic effects of the misconduct of some corporations this discussion gained another dimension, it moved into the public sphere, the subject became more sensitive. The anger and mistrust of the public toward business triggered legislators and corporations to take urgent action. For example, just after the collapse of Enron (2001) the American Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) that covers the responsibilities of boards of directors and requires compliance training at all levels. It also revived the old controversial arguments about the nature of business – whether the only purpose of business is to make profits, the relationship of business and ethics – whether business ethics is an oxymoron, and human nature – whether it is ‘bad apples’ or ‘bad barrels’. Yet, with new sets of regulations, in 2017, we are still witnessing the misconduct of corporations on a global scale. This article investigates the effectiveness of corporate efforts such as revisiting mission statements, polishing the codes of ethics and conducting training, by evaluating the nature of business, human nature and the understanding of ethics in the workplace. By looking through the lens of utilitarianism of ethical issues in business, I will argue that codes of ethics and ethics training are necessary but not sufficient. Within the scope of this paper I wish to pave the way to a holistic approach which is necessary and sufficient to create ethical businesses.

This paper reports a systematic literature review of articles published over the past 35 years on cross-cultural issues in business ethics. A screening process resulted in a final sample of 306 papers in 26 double-blind reviewed journals with an impact factor score of at least 1.0 in the field. This study uses citation analysis, systematic literature review method, and knowledge-stock analysis. This study highlights the findings from prior studies, compares and contrasts salient characteristics and provides directions for future research. This study identifies important gaps between the literature and the challenges of cross-cultural issues in business ethics. These gaps include lack of conceptual articles, multi-countries level analysis, and deficiency of comparison analysis between developed and developing countries. This article proposes to apply virtue ethics and model of cultural sense-making as some analytical frameworks in the field of cross-cultural issues in business ethics. This review of the literature could provide managers with a longitudinal perspective on how the institutional environment and national culture affect business ethics perception of employees. This paper contributes to the cross-cultural literature on ethical attitudes, helps us better understand cross-cultural differences in business ethics, and provides directions for further research.

Teaching & Learning Guide for Business Ethics: An Overview

Medical physicists frequently encounter situations that call for ethical decisions in their research, education, clinical practice and professional activities. Research medical physicists deal with ethical challenges such as conflicts of interest, experimental studies involving animals and human participants, peer review of papers and grant applications of colleagues, and co‐authorship of scientific publications and presentations. Physicists in clinical practice often are required to exercise professional judgment that may be at odds with their clinical and technology colleagues, and take responsibility for the accuracy of radiation delivery in radiation oncology and optimization of imaging procedures in diagnostic and nuclear radiology. Many physicists are mentors to graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, a special privilege that includes major ethical obligations to nurture and protect the young physicists in their care. At the professional level, medical physicists are expected to establish and sustain relationships with their colleagues that are a model of forthrightness and integrity.The AAPM's Code of Ethics establishes a foundation for ethical decisions and relationships by and among medical physicists. One fruitful way to interpret the Code of Ethics is by learning through discussion of case studies. Several case studies will be presented as time permits, focusing on ethical topics such as financial conflicts of interest, informed consent in human research studies employing normal volunteers, plagiarism of scientific publications, advertising of clinical technologies as a marketing strategy, high‐dose protocols in imaging, responsible mentoring of students towards graduation, and interviewing for a medical physics position.Every medical physicist faces ethical decisions, irrespective of the focus of his or her practice. Making the right decisions requires a solid grasp of ethical principles and experience in applying the principles in practice. This session is intended to provide some of the needed experience.A draft version of a Code of Ethics for AAPM members has been written by Task Group 109. This Code of Ethics will replace current discrete AAPM ethics policies into a single document and expand their scope. Current AAPM ethics policies primarily address medical physics members. The new code of ethics will also encompass other member types such as health physicists, regulators, vendors, physicians, scientists, engineers, those in training, or other health care professionals. The new code will address significant ethical issues for members: professional conduct, research ethics, education ethics, and business ethics. The format of the Code is a concise summary or core ethical values of AAPM members — Principles, followed by more extensive Guidelines that are intended to assist members to interpret and implement the Principles. This Code of Ethics replaces the following AAPM policies: Ethical Guidelines for Vacating a Position (PP 4‐B); Ethical Guidelines for Reviewing the Work of Another Physicist (PP 5‐C); Guidelines for Ethical Practice for Medical Physicists (PP 8‐D); and Ethics Complaint Procedure (PP 21‐A).

Table of Contents.- Editors' Introduction.- Preface.- Part 1 Economic Issues in Business Ethics.- 1. Fair Markets.- 2. What's Wrong with Efficiency and Always Low Prices.- 3. Economics: Friend or For of Ethics.- Part 2 Philosophical Issues in Business 4. Kantian Themes.- 5. The Limitations of Pragmatism as a Theory of Business Ethics.- Part 3 International Issues in Business Ethics.- 6. Varieties of Social Responsibility.- 7. Constructing the Universal Norms of International Business.- Part 4 Specific Business Ethics Issues.- 8. Money Morality and Motor Cars.- 9. The Ethical Dimensions of the Current Financial Crisis with Ron Duska.- 10. Stakeholder Boards as a Way of Improving Corporate Governance 11. Organizational Integrity and Moral Climates.- Part 5 Teaching Business Ethics.- 12. Crucial Decisions in the Teaching of Business Ethics. Index.

A comprehensive Code of Ethics for the members of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) is presented as the report of Task Group 109 which consolidates previous AAPM ethics policies into a unified document. The membership of the AAPM is increasingly diverse. Prior existing AAPM ethics polices were applicable specifically to medical physicists, and did not encompass other types of members such as health physicists, regulators, corporate affiliates, physicians, scientists, engineers, those in training, or other health care professionals. Prior AAPM ethics policies did not specifically address research, education, or business ethics. The Ethics Guidelines of this new Code of Ethics have four major sections: professional conduct, research ethics, education ethics, and business ethics. Some elements of each major section may be duplicated in other sections, so that readers interested in a particular aspect of the code do not need to read the entire document for all relevant information. The prior Complaint Procedure has also been incorporated into this Code of Ethics. This Code of Ethics (PP 24-A) replaces the following AAPM policies: Ethical Guidelines for Vacating a Position (PP 4-B); Ethical Guidelines for Reviewing the Work of Another Physicist (PP 5-C); Guidelines for Ethical Practice for Medical Physicists (PP 8-D); and Ethics Complaint Procedure (PP 21-A). The AAPM Board of Directors approved this Code or Ethics on July 31, 2008.

A growing body of academic and business specialists are paying attention to ethical issues in business and economics, drawing on a wide range of different disciplinary and theoretical perspectives. This volume presents important new insights from scholars in economics, philosophy, business ethics and management studies. In addition to providing specific perspectives on particular topics, it presents strategic perspectives on the development of the field. Readers can inform themselves on developments in particular areas, such as social accountability or stakeholder governance; they will also find substantial contributions related to the interfaces of ethics and economics, economics and philosophy, business ethics and political science, and business ethics and management. The collection is a thought-provoking contribution to the development of business and economic ethics as an increasingly important field of academic study.

The paper aims at examining the current practices concerning the education of business ethics (BE) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the university curricula in Nepal. Since the issue of business ethics and CSR has the direct bearing on business and management domain, the paper has explored the syllabi of management and business schools. The study — based on a descriptive approach — sought to draw out a perspective on the content and pedagogy of the BE and CSR module in Nepali varsities. Encompassing the existing Nepali universities and/or the business schools under their fold, the study discovered that Tribhuvan University, the only central and national university of Nepal, has offered more the BE and CSR contents either as a separate, independent module or as an integral part of other related subjects in a larger number of bachelors and masters programmes. Yet, pedagogical arrangements have to be specified and ameliorated in most of the universities in Nepal. Since BE and CSR are relatively very young modules in graduate and post graduate levels, the study findings should prove instrumental for Nepali universities to formulation of curricular plans and strategies vis-a-vis foreign business schools in the days to come.

In the postmodern world, ethics is peripheral to business. There are many issues facing our society with regards to poverty alleviation, addressing hunger, and health and well-being among others. We still have problems in our educational systems, women are ostracized, work and economic growth is affected, inequalities are rampant; we are not responsible in our consumption and production; and our climate action is still wanting. The study focuses on issues in business ethics. The objectives are: i) to identify the main issues in business ethics in, ii) to investigate whether businesses are guided by business ethics, iii) to discuss the principles of business ethics. The methodology and research methods are: This study employs a qualitative virtue ethics theory to address the problems. The study reviews the literature theoretically. Discussion: This study explicates the five pillars of globalization and discusses major business problems such as inflation and economic downturn, supply chain security, increasing customer expectations such as customer care, customer communication, customer satisfaction; accelerating digital transformation, business sustainability (continuity) and the changing times of the world. The study concludes that the principles of business ethics in East African economies are to be given the place and priority they deserve. In this aga, which is known as postmodernity, virtue ethics and Christian faith together hold promise.

This text provides an up-to-date, critical analysis of contemporary issues in business ethics. The authors begin with an overview of the major, broad themes in business ethics, then move to a more practical discussion of ethics in key management functions. The second edition of The Ethical Business has been updated to address current thinking and new problems faced, with new chapters focusing on the symbiotic relationship between business and the environment and new case studies. An essential core text for today's business students, bringing ethical dilemmas into context to provide the foundation of good management practice. Key Features: An up to date look at contemporary issues in business ethics, an area of huge importance in today's business world Critical analysis of contemporary issues in business ethics Case studies demonstrate the practical application of ethical themes Pedagogical features such as boxed vignettes on current ethical dilemmas aid understanding and learning A companion website with topical and interactive features

Ethical issues in business: a philosophical approach

This paper briefly examines the topic of business ethics and attempts to suggest a code of ethics for multinational firms. While most companies have basic policies on employee integrity, confidentiality and sexual harassment, relatively few have established policies regarding bribery, exploitive child labor, human rights violations and other issues they may encounter in the global market place (Drake, 1998). Until recently, very few companies had truly global operations. Consequently little attention was paid to the issue of ethical guidelines in a global context. Recent changes in international markets have led to an explosion of corporations with global operations, and the need for a global code of ethics has grown commensurately. In this paper we explore the issue of global business ethics and attempt to provide a framework for future discussion. We also examine some of the unique difficulties surrounding the development of any set of global business standards. Key among these difficulties is the issue of competing ethical values in home and host countries.

The main thesis of this essay is that religious inquiry can and should be central to business ethics instruction in both the business school classroom and the corporate boardroom. Religious conviction has always been a major factor in social progress in America. Hence, removing religious inquiry from ethical instruction severely restricts the potency of such instruction to effect change. The essay first analyzes two aspects of American culture that tend to inhibit religious dialogue: (a) American faith in a wall between the secular and the sacred; and (b) a cultural commitment to 'scientific' inquiries when discussing business matters. Although both cultural beliefs must be taken seriously, however, they need not silence one's religious beliefs and values. Two contemporary frameworks for analyzing issues in business ethics—'stakeholder theory' and 'social contract theory'— are then focused upon and it is demonstrated that religious dialogue and religious principles can usefully supplement either approach.

This study was pursued to provide statistical and empirical evidence of whether or not business ethics makes economic sense. A critical examination of business ethics and whether or not it makes economic sense was examined by taking into consideration the perspectives of business stakeholders. Economists, business proprietors and customers do not always agree on the concept of business ethics as the moral principles and values implemented for good governance. Customers and business proprietors were targeted to gain insights from different stakeholders on the issue of business ethics and whether or not it makes economic sense. The recommended strategies to be implemented to perpetuate business ethics while at the same time ensuring business growth and development were also considered. This research paper utilized a mixed methods research approach in conjunction with a descriptive online survey and structured interview for the quantitative and qualitative aspects respectively. The inculcation of primary and secondary data provided empirical and statistical substantiation to establish recommendations and to draw conclusion. An element of triangulation was integrated to add robust analytical evidence. The perspectives of customers and business owners on business ethics and economic sense were analyzed through the online survey and interviews responses were grouped, coded and themes were generated to answer the research question: To what extent does business ethics makes economic sense? The perspectives of customers guided the critical examination of what customers expect from businesses, where business ethics was the point of focus. On the other hand, the perspectives of business owners provided data on the implications of adhering stringently to business ethics and whether or not business ethics makes economic sense. The views of participants from opposing ends provided both conflicting and correlated data. However, both customers and business owners were in agreement that businesses should adhere to business ethics.

This article attempts to understand the state of teaching, training and research in business ethics in the South and South East Asian region. The countries surveyed are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. The diversity across countries in the region is high in terms of economic development, political structuring and human development. The degree of privatization and globalization is varied across countries since each of them is in a different phase of transition. In an earlier survey on Business Ethics, published in 1997, India was the only country from this region that was represented. In the current survey, 12 countries from the South and South East Asia are represented. While Business Ethics in academia is widely present, Corporate Social Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability though relatively new appear to be growing rapidly. Business Ethics courses tend to focus on functional ethics, managerial ethics and implementing codes of ethical conduct. Across the 12 countries, Business Ethics is taught either as an elective or a core course in most institutions. Training emphasis across countries is varied. While training institutions in India appear to be high, the presence of multinational consultants in Thailand, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka is significant. The research focus across countries in the region is weak. The high convergence on the top issues in Business Ethics, across respondents in different countries, is worthy of mention.