Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries occur often in athletics and in daily life. In minor injuries, muscles are able to regenerate completely and recover their functional capabilities. However, in the case of severe injuries, the injured muscle cannot recover to a functional level because of the formation of fibrous scar tissue. The physical barrier of scars is significantly challenged in both research and clinical treatment. Fibrous scar tissue not only limits cells' migration, but also contributes to normal tissue biomechanical properties. This scar formation creates an unsuitable environment for tissue structure resulting in frequent pain. Antifibrosis treatment is one of the major strategies used to augment muscle regeneration and accelerate its functional recovery. This review will discuss the currently available methods for improving muscle regeneration with a specific focus on antifibrosis applications. We also discussed several novel hypotheses and clinical applications in muscle fibrosis treatment currently in practice.
Highlights
Skeletal muscle injuries are common injuries experienced by athletes of all levels
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-1 has been studied in skeletal muscle repair. It has been shown in a mouse model, a single treatment with MMP-1 led to enhanced muscle regeneration and decreased pathologic deposition of fibrotic components of extracellular matrix (ECM) [41, 42]. e time frame of injection of MMP-1 is important for muscle regeneration
Associated side effects with this medication are mostly gastrointestinal and skin-related, with wound healing and bleeding issues after surgery being pertinent if the patient underwent an operation [57, 58]. ese side effects were mitigated by dose modification, especially dose reductions and interruption. Nintedanib is another medication used in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) that could have possible applications regarding skeletal muscle fibrosis. is medication is a nonspecific tyrosinekinase inhibitor with action against platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [54]
Summary
Skeletal muscle injuries are common injuries experienced by athletes of all levels. Muscle strain is extremely common and usually occurs due to eccentric contractions and overstraining during activity [1, 2]. Skeletal muscle does have the capability to heal itself; the process of healing can be incomplete and lead to a decrease in function and risk of repeat injury. Myofibers are the basic component within muscles It contains the various of muscle cells (e.g., myoblasts and progenitor cells) and fiber typical cytoplasm and organelles [5]. Myofibers are formed when multiple muscle progenitor cells (muscle satellite cells or muscle stem cells—MuSCs) fuse to form myotubes. In this process, they resemble long cylinders. Multiple layers of connective tissue are associated with skeletal muscle. Journal of Sports Medicine contains a network support, such as vascular trees and extracellular components are important to tissue integrity, neuron muscle junctions (NMJs).
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