Abstract
Fetal undernutrition programs hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, and resistance artery remodeling may be a contributing factor. We aimed to assess if fetal undernutrition induces resistance artery remodeling and the relationship with hypertension. Sprague–Dawley dams were fed ad libitum (Control) or with 50% of control intake between days 11 and 21 of gestation (maternal undernutrition, MUN). In six-month-old male and female offspring we assessed blood pressure (anesthetized and tail-cuff); mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) structure and mechanics (pressure myography), cellular and internal elastic lamina (IEL) organization (confocal microscopy) and plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity (zymography). Systolic blood pressure (SBP, tail-cuff) and plasma MMP activity were assessed in 18-month-old rats. At the age of six months MUN males exhibited significantly higher blood pressure (anesthetized or tail-cuff) and plasma MMP-9 activity, while MUN females did not exhibit significant differences, compared to sex-matched controls. MRA from 6-month-old MUN males and females showed a smaller diameter, reduced adventitial, smooth muscle cell density and IEL fenestra area, and a leftward shift of stress-strain curves. At the age of eighteen months SBP and MMP-9 activity were higher in both MUN males and females, compared to sex-matched controls. These data suggest that fetal undernutrition induces MRA inward eutrophic remodeling and stiffness in both sexes, independent of blood pressure level. Resistance artery structural and mechanical alterations can participate in the development of hypertension in aged females and may contribute to adverse cardiovascular events associated with low birth weight in both sexes.
Highlights
Fetal life is a key developmental period and a determinant of future health
maternal undernutrition during gestation (MUN) females exhibited significantly lower SBP and DBP values compared to MUN males (Table 1)
This study aimed to assess if exposure toand undernutrition during fetal induces resistance remodeling, its relationship with hypertension, the possible influence of sex.life
Summary
Fetal life is a key developmental period and a determinant of future health. Barker’s hypothesis states that undernutrition during critical periods of gestation leads to inadequate fetal growth and programs adult disease [1]. The fetus has high plasticity and responds to suboptimal environments by adapting its growth to ensure immediate survival. Epidemiological and experimental data have provided evidence of this hypothesis and the link between low birth weight (which is a proxy for impaired growth during fetal life), and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Other stress factors such as hypoxia, placental insufficiency or exposure to toxic substances, can program the fetus, increasing the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease and metabolic diseases [2,3]
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