Abstract
Simple SummaryRecently, high-protein complete feed has been increasingly used in the Chinese goose industry, increasing the outbreaks of gout in goslings. We found that high-protein diets are implicated in the kidney injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with the occurrence of gout in goslings. Fermented feed, containing many helpful intestinal probiotics and metabolites for birds, shows potential for the protection of gut microbiota. We found that fermented feed supplement alleviates the gout occurrence caused by the high-protein diets and improves renal function, because of its regulations of caecal microbiota. Fermented feed increased Lactobacillus and decreased Enterococcus in the cecum of goslings. We suggest that goose farmers should strictly control the proportion of protein in gosling feed and consider using fermented feed as an effective measure to control the outbreak of gosling gout.Firstly, forty-eight 1-day-old goslings were randomly allocated to four groups and were fed diets containing crude protein (CP) at different concentrations: 160, 180, 200, and 220 g/kg in Experiment One. We found a dose-dependent relationship between the dietary protein levels and morbidity of gosling gout. The concentration of serum uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), and urea nitrogen (UN), and the activity of xanthine oxidase in the 220CP groups were significantly higher than those in the low-protein diet groups. Beneficial microbes, including Akkermansia, Lactococcus, and Butyricicoccus were enriched in the ceca of healthy goslings, while the microbes Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Bacteroides were enriched in those with gout. Then, we explored the effects of fermented feed on gosling gout caused by high-protein diets in Experiment Two. A total of 720 1-day-old goslings were randomly allotted to four experimental groups: CN (162.9 g/kg CP), CNF (167.5 g/kg CP, replacing 50 g/kg of the basal diet with fermented feed), HP (229.7 g/kg CP, a high-protein diet), and HPF (230.7 g/kg CP, replacing 50 g/kg of the high-protein diet with fermented feed). We found that the cumulative incidence of gout increased in the HP group compared with that in the control, but decreased in the HPF group compared to that in the HP group. Similarly, the concentration of serum UA in the HP group was higher than that in the CN group, but decreased in the HPF group. Meanwhile, compared with the HP group, using fermented feed in diets decreased the abundance of Enterococcus in the ceca of goslings, while increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus. These results suggest that appropriate dietary protein levels and the fermented feed supplement might relieve the kidney injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by high-protein diets in the development of gosling gout.
Highlights
During recent years, the modernization of the goose industry in China has resulted in a growth rate-oriented production that primarily is based on feeding the geese high-protein complete feeds, instead of the traditional herbaceous roughages, and leads to physical problems for the geese.Since 2016, the Chinese goose industry has experienced severe widespread outbreaks of gosling gout that have resulted in serious gosling mortality and economic losses [1,2]
In Experiment One, with an increase in dietary protein level, we found that serum uric acid (UA) concentration and the morbidity of gosling gout increased significantly, especially when the crude protein (CP) level was increased to 220 g/kg
We found that the villus height decreased with an increase in dietary protein level and the V/C ratio changed correspondingly, and that high-protein diets could change the morphology of the epithelial cells in goslings
Summary
The modernization of the goose industry in China has resulted in a growth rate-oriented production that primarily is based on feeding the geese high-protein complete feeds, instead of the traditional herbaceous roughages, and leads to physical problems for the geese.Since 2016, the Chinese goose industry has experienced severe widespread outbreaks of gosling gout that have resulted in serious gosling mortality and economic losses [1,2]. Gosling gout is a purine metabolic disorder hyperuricemia that is characterized by an elevated serum uric acid (UA) level and the deposition of urate in and around the internal organs [3,4]. Uric acid is the major product of purine nucleotide metabolism in birds, much of which might originate from the diets. When fed high-protein diets, a large amount of purine nucleotides is absorbed through the intestine and converted into an excess of UA. If it exceeds the removal capacity of the kidney and damages renal functions, the UA can build up in the blood culminating in visceral urate exudation [3,5]. It was reported that increasing the feed crude protein (CP) level to > 280 g/kg or fishmeal level to > 80 g/kg in broiler diets can significantly lower the susceptibility window of visceral gout to a much younger age, such as from days
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