Female empowerment and crime patterns in Malaysia: A non-linear analysis

Abstract

Using data from 1982 to 2020, this study evaluated the impact of female employment on violent crime in Malaysia using the non-linear ARDL technique. The study found that, in the long run, lower unemployment rates were linked to lower rates of violent crime, and increased female employment facilitated a short-term reduction in violent crime. Fewer women working resulted in a short-term rise in violent crime and, over the long term, higher rates of violent crime contributed to higher rates of jail population growth. Surprisingly, higher employment rates for women were eventually linked to higher rates of violent crime. Long-term trends showed a correlation between lower employment rates for women and greater rates of violent crime. For short-term analysis, negative economic growth was linked to a rise in violent crime, and positive economic growth could lower violent crime. These results demonstrated the complex interplay between a number of variables and violent crime rates. Thus, to successfully prevent violent crime and build safer societies, it is crucial to address socioeconomic inequalities, advance gender equality, and put into practice comprehensive methods that include community assistance, employment, education, and rehabilitation.