Abstract
Simple SummaryDifferent genotypes of slow- and fast-growing chickens have phenotypic changes in appearance, behavior, and productivity in response to artificial selection. Feed restriction and gut microbiota play a vital role in controlling food intake, nutrition, and health. However, little is known about how feed restriction, as a benefit or chronic stress, influences behavior, stress response, and gut microbial programming in slow- and fast-growing chickens. This study aimed to explore slow- and fast-growing chickens who had feed restricted to 70% of ad libitum or were given ad libitum feed for 30 days to evaluate the effects on behavior, stress response, and gut microbiota. We found that feed restriction can influence behaviors in both slow- and fast-growing breeds. Feed restriction to 70% for 30 days can influence stress response and gut microbiota composition, but some changes are evident only in slow- or only in fast-growing chickens. The study provides a better understanding of how artificial selection has affected chicken biology and their response to stress challenge. This study aimed to explore the difference between two Chinese local broilers, one slow- and one fast-growing, in their response to a stress challenge. We conducted the study on slow- (Weining chicken) and fast-growing (Jinlinghua chicken) breeds, with 50 chickens from each breed either feed restricted to 70% for 30 days as a stress or given ad libitum to evaluate the effects on behavior, corticosterone, and microbial programming. Standing behavior was more frequent while exploration was less common in fast-growing breeds compared to slow-growing breeds. Food seeking and ingestion, exploration, and drinking increased, while resting decreased in the feed restricted treatments. There was no difference in corticosterone concentration between slow- and fast-growing chickens, but the level was affected by feeding treatments, and the interaction of breed and feed restriction. At the genus-level, the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus was higher, while Cloacibacillus and Megasphaera was lower in the slow-growing breed compared to the fast-growing breed. Feed restricted birds had a higher abundance of Mucispirillum, but lower abundance of Cloacibacillus, Clostridium XlVa and Clostridium IV. In conclusion, feed restriction to 70% for 30 days as a chronic stress stimulation caused more activity, elevated the stress response, and altered gut microbiota composition, but some changes were only evident in slow- or fast-growing chickens.
Highlights
Domestication is the process by which directional selection of animals alters their phenotype to provide a function for humans
We aimed to quantify changes in body weight, behaviors, corticosterone and microbial composition in fast-growing broilers and slow-growing dual-purpose chicken genotypes at the same age under 70% feed restriction as a benefit or a chronic stress
Main effects: As expected, the fast-growing breed grew at a faster rate than the slow6 of 16 growing breed (p < 0.05; Figure 1) and those fed ad libitum grew more rapidly than those fed a restricted diet (p < 0.05; Figure 1)
Summary
Domestication is the process by which directional selection of animals alters their phenotype to provide a function for humans. China has a wide variety of indigenous domestic chickens, with 108 breeds [2] that are characterized by slow growth. In recent decades, considerable and intentional artificial selection has accelerated the rate of domestication to develop specialty poultry for specific requirements, especially with respect to fast-growing broiler breeds (which obtain sufficient body weight for the market at approximately 5 to 7 weeks). In response to artificial selection, and changes to nutritional and other management regimes, slow- and fast-growing chicken breeds have undergone a number of changes with regard to their genetic background [3,4], growth performance [5], meat quality [6], as well as hormone secretion [7] and adaptive responses [8]. It is assumed that the stress response is different between the slow- and fast-growing broiler breed
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