Abstract
Electric vehicles have been issued to achieve sustainable mobility. Main factors to sustainable electric vehicle (EV) are that lithium-ion battery (LIB) has to maintain lower cost, lighter weight, SOC (state of charge), thermal stability, and driving ranges. In this study, nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and lithium manganese oxide (LMO), which are used as representative positive electrode materials, were applied to battery cells. Then, the battery characteristics at the system level, according to the application of different positive electrode materials, were compared and analyzed. To this end, each of the 18650 cylindrical battery cells was modeled by applying different positive electrode active materials. The battery modeling was based on a database provided by GT(Gamma Technologies)-AutoLion. To analyze the thermal stability and capacity loss according to the temperature of the battery cell by applying different C-rate discharge and temperature conditions for each positive electrode active material, an electrochemical-based zero-dimensional (0D) analysis was performed. A test was also performed to determine the model feasibility by using a MACCOR 4300 battery charger/discharger. Moreover, a lumped battery pack modeling was performed to extend the modeled battery cell to an EV battery pack. By combining the pack and one-dimensional (1D) EV models, various driving cycles were described to investigate the battery performance at the vehicle level. It was found that the 0D electrochemistry-coupled 1D vehicle model could well predict the feasible tendencies considering various positive electrode materials of the LIB battery cell.
Highlights
Since the importance of secondary batteries has been highlighted along with the possibility of applications in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), various studies have been conducted to improve the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
The layered structure of nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) has been investigated for its electrochemical performance and thermal stability according to NCM content by Jiang et al [1,2]
In that point of view, this study focused on proving reverse calibration method and fast design processes of LIB using LIB design tools, there was lack of model calibration processes
Summary
Since the importance of secondary batteries has been highlighted along with the possibility of applications in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), various studies have been conducted to improve the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Ku et al reported that the electrochemical performance characterization of layered-spinel, hetero-structured, positive electrode materials could be improved with respect to higher initial Coulombic efficiency, larger specific capacity, and better cycling and rate properties [6] Most of these studies were conducted in limited test environments to obtain the quantitative results, and most of the characteristics were investigated at the cell level. In some studies, a simplified electrochemical model was implemented; these models have limitations in that they can be applied only to the cell level to which the positive electrode active material of the study is applied They are not commonly applied to NCM, LFP, and LMO through normalizing the dominant parameters. NCM-based 1D electrochemical model was expanded and applied to LFP- and LMO-based models to determine the feasibility of predicting battery cell performance based on various positive electrode active materials. Expanding the model from a cell to an EV system, the prediction feasibility was introduced for the 1D LIB electrochemical model from a macroscopic point of view
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