Abstract
In this study, the economic and environmental benefits of stand-alone and grid integration are thoroughly analyzed with different system configurations of a PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery based hybrid energy system (HES) for five different climatic regions using hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER). A detailed techno-economic study of optimized hybrid systems is further examined by integrating the grid-connected option. The environmental benefits of HESs are discussed. The sensitivity of various sell-back price to the national grid is also investigated. Additionally, the barriers and opportunities of installing such projects in the off-grid regions are discussed. Results indicate that the cost of energy (COE, $/kWh) and the net present cost (NPC, $) of the stand-alone hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery for the Rajshahi region are slightly lower compared to other areas, considering the cost and environmental emissions. The same system in Chattogram shows great potential both financially and environmentally, over the other climatic zones. The grid-connected HES with the sell-back option offers significant cost-benefits (0.07$/kWh), even over the grid tariff (0.10$/kWh). Similar revenues can be attained with the grid-connected PV/Battery-based system as substantial amount of excess energy could be supplied to the grid facilities. In the grid integrated HES, around 45,582 kg-CO2/yr could be saved compared to grid only system, whereas this amount is 32,905 kg-CO2/yr over the stand-alone hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery one.
Highlights
The global energy demand is rising notably in the 21st century due to economic development and increasing population
The present research analyses the potential of stand-alone hybrid energy system (HES) in five different locations of Bangladesh
The results are evaluated in terms of cost of energy (COE), net present cost (NPC), PV capacity, diesel generator contribution, battery capacity, bi-directional converter ca pacity, excess energy production, and renewable energy (RE) penetration
Summary
The global energy demand is rising notably in the 21st century due to economic development and increasing population. Bangladesh has started the SHS program in early 2003 to bring remote communities under electricity and the program received worldwide recognition by installing about 5.5 million SHSs up to January 2019, which satisfy the needs to 18 million people (12% of the total popula tion) in remote areas [9]. These SHSs are mainly designed for limited energy supply only (3–4 h), especially at night. RE sources are not reliable for continuous energy supply due to their
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