Abstract
When faced with situations of gender-based violence, one becomes exposed to risk in giving support to the victim (van Reemst, Fischer, & WC Zwirs, 2015, Hamby, Weber, Grych, & Banyard, 2016; Liebst, Heinskou & Ejbye-Ernst, 2018). This form of violence, second order of sexual harassment (SOSH), occurs when people who support victims of gender-based violence experience violence themselves because of this positioning (Vidu et al., 2017; Flecha, 2021). There is little research on the subject. Through a quantitative study carried out with 1541 Spaniards over 18 years of age, we provide, for the first time, quantitative evidence of the incidence of SOSH in the responses of people who have been aware of a situation of gender-based violence. Our results show that SOSH is an important obstacle; 40% of people who did not offer help in the case of gender-based violence did not do so for reasons that correspond to SOSH.We concluded that the fear of suffering SOSH can condition people’s reactions in the environment, thereby limiting the possibility of female victims of violence receiving help.
Highlights
When faced with situations of gender-based violence, one becomes exposed to risk in giving support to the victim (van Reemst, Fischer & WC Zwirs, 2015; Hamby, Weber, Grych & Banyard, 2016; Liebst, Heinskou & Ejbye-Ernst, 2018)
Out of those who took part in our study, regarding the set of cases that have been explained to them and/or that they have witnessed throughout their lives, 64% stated that they helped in all cases; 36% did not help in any case (5%), and in some situations, the respondents helped, while in others they did not (31%)
The share of those who have not helped in a situation of gender-based violence in their lifetime (36%) is similar to what we found when we asked the respondents how they think most of the people around them would react if they knew about a situation of gender-based violence; 31% believe that most people around them would not intervene, in some cases they would want to
Summary
When faced with situations of gender-based violence, one becomes exposed to risk in giving support to the victim (van Reemst, Fischer & WC Zwirs, 2015; Hamby, Weber, Grych & Banyard, 2016; Liebst, Heinskou & Ejbye-Ernst, 2018) This form of violence, second order of sexual harassment (SOSH), occurs when people who support victims of gender-based violence experience violence themselves because of this positioning (Vidu et al, 2017; Flecha, 2021). The support of other professional or non-professional people is necessary to combat the
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