Abstract
There exists a well-documented discrepancy between the low to moderate frequency (150 Hz<f<1.5 kHz), low-grazing angle (<30 degrees) reverberation-derived backscattering strengths collected at sea and the predictions provided by rough surface scattering models. One of the central features of the data/model comparisons in this regime is the strong wind speed dependence exhibited in the data and the very weak wind speed dependence predicted by surface scattering models. In a previous study [Keiffer et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 227–234 (1995)], a heuristic model was used to explore the hypothesis that bubble-induced refraction may modify the insonification of the air/sea interface and significantly enhance the surface reverberation in this frequency range. In the present work, a finite difference time domain (FDTD) solution to the linear acoustic wave equation is exercised in numerical experiments designed to unambiguously demonstrate the significant impact that near-surface, bubble-induced refraction can have on the reverberation time series and, therefore, on the surface scattering strengths.
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