Abstract
Cistus ladanifer L. is a shrub from Cistaceae family, widespread in Mediterranean countries. Fatty acids (FA) have multiple roles in plants and are involved in adaption mechanisms to environmental conditions. This work evaluated the FA content and composition of each morphological fraction of C. ladanifer (leaves, stems, flower buds, flowers and seed heads) throughout a full year. Cistus ladanifer plants were collected in southern Portugal, during four consecutive seasons (18 plants/season), and the different morphological plant fractions (leaves, stems, flower buds, flowers and seed heads) were separated. Cistus ladanifer morphological fractions showed distinct FA compositions, being possible to discriminate three groups—the leaves that showed to be dominated by saturated FA (main 20:0) and contain branched-chain FA (iso-19:0 and iso-21:0); the stems that are composed mainly by SFA (main 22:0); and the reproductive organs that showed higher contents of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and the 16:0 as the main SFA. The FA composition of leaves changed over seasons, with replacement of the PUFA by monounsaturated FA and branched-chain FA during hot seasons. Regarding the other C. ladanifer morphological fractions, the FA composition was more stable over seasons, suggesting that leaves are more prone to adaptations to environmental changes.
Highlights
Cistus ladanifer L., commonly known as rockrose, is a perennial shrub that is distributed from southern France to the north of Morocco and Algeria, being abundant in the southwestern region of Iberian Peninsula [1]
We have previously suggested that FA of C. ladanifer aerial parts may play an important role in plant adaptation mechanisms to environmental temperatures, with the replacement of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) at high temperatures [26]
The FA content and composition of C. ladanifer leaves, stems, flower buds and flowers and seed heads are presented in Tables 1–4, respectively
Summary
Cistus ladanifer L., commonly known as rockrose, is a perennial shrub that is distributed from southern France to the north of Morocco and Algeria, being abundant in the southwestern region of Iberian Peninsula [1]. Despite the recognized biological activities, C. ladanifer has Molecules 2020, 25, 1550; doi:10.3390/molecules25071550 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Molecules 2020, 25, 1550 only been valued by the perfume and cosmetics industry. Due to its main use in the perfume and cosmetics industry, greater attention has been given to the chemical composition of C. ladanifer essential oil [18,19,20] and labdanum exudate [21,22,23,24]. As far as we know, the proximate composition of the aerial parts of C. ladanifer was only evaluated in two studies [6,25]. The phytochemical composition of the C. ladanifer aerial parts has been explored, with focus on the polyphenolic compounds, vitamins and fatty acids (FA) [2,10]
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