Fast Simulations of Highly-Connected Spiking Cortical Models Using GPUs.

Bruno Golosio,Chiara De Luca,Gianmarco Tiddia,Francesco Simula,Elena Pastorelli,Pier Stanislao Paolucci

doi:10.3389/fncom.2021.627620

Abstract

Over the past decade there has been a growing interest in the development of parallel hardware systems for simulating large-scale networks of spiking neurons. Compared to other highly-parallel systems, GPU-accelerated solutions have the advantage of a relatively low cost and a great versatility, thanks also to the possibility of using the CUDA-C/C++ programming languages. NeuronGPU is a GPU library for large-scale simulations of spiking neural network models, written in the C++ and CUDA-C++ programming languages, based on a novel spike-delivery algorithm. This library includes simple LIF (leaky-integrate-and-fire) neuron models as well as several multisynapse AdEx (adaptive-exponential-integrate-and-fire) neuron models with current or conductance based synapses, different types of spike generators, tools for recording spikes, state variables and parameters, and it supports user-definable models. The numerical solution of the differential equations of the dynamics of the AdEx models is performed through a parallel implementation, written in CUDA-C++, of the fifth-order Runge-Kutta method with adaptive step-size control. In this work we evaluate the performance of this library on the simulation of a cortical microcircuit model, based on LIF neurons and current-based synapses, and on balanced networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, using AdEx or Izhikevich neuron models and conductance-based or current-based synapses. On these models, we will show that the proposed library achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of simulation time per second of biological activity. In particular, using a single NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2080 Ti GPU board, the full-scale cortical-microcircuit model, which includes about 77,000 neurons and 3 · 108 connections, can be simulated at a speed very close to real time, while the simulation time of a balanced network of 1,000,000 AdEx neurons with 1,000 connections per neuron was about 70 s per second of biological activity.

Highlights

The human brain is an extremely complex system, with a number of neurons in the order of 100 billions, an average number of connections per neuron in the order of 10 thousands, hundreds of different neuron types, several types of neurotransmitters and receptors
We used a PC with a CPU Intel Core i9-9900 K with a frequency of 3.6 GHz and 8 cores featuring hyperthreading with two threads per core, for a total number of 16 hardware threads, 64 GB RAM, and a graphical processing units (GPUs) card NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2080 Ti with 11 GB of GDDR6 VRAM, 4,352 CUDA cores, and a boost clock of 1,635 MHz
Following the procedure proposed by van Albada et al (2018) and by Knight and Nowotny (2018), we will verify the correctness of the simulations by comparing some relevant statistical distributions extracted from the simulations of the Potjans-Diesmann cortical microcircuit model made using NeuronGPU with the analogous distributions obtained using the NEST simulator

Summary

Introduction

The human brain is an extremely complex system, with a number of neurons in the order of 100 billions, an average number of connections per neuron in the order of 10 thousands, hundreds of different neuron types, several types of neurotransmitters and receptors. A fertile field of research in recent decades has investigated the use of highly parallel hardware systems for simulating large-scale networks of spiking neurons Such systems include custom made neuromorphic very-largescale-integration (VLSI) circuits (Indiveri et al, 2011), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) (Wang et al, 2018), and systems based on graphical processing units (GPUs) (Sanders and Kandrot, 2010; Garrido et al, 2011; Brette and Goodman, 2012; Vitay et al, 2015; Yavuz et al, 2016; Chou et al, 2018). After a general description of the library and of the spike-delivery algorithm, we will evaluate the library on three types of spiking neural network models:

Methods

Results

Conclusion