Failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites in tension, compression, and bending

Abstract

Observations of failure mechanisms in monotonic loading are reported for graphite/epoxy composites containing three-dimensional (3D) interlock weave reinforcement. The key phenomena are delamination and kink band formation in compression, tow rupture and pullout in tension, and combinations of these in bending. The materials exhibit great potential for damage tolerance and notch insensitivity. This is partly due to the presence of geometrical flaws that are broadly distributed in strength and space; and partly to the coarseness of the reinforcing tows, which leads to extensive debonding and reduced stress intensification around sites of failure. Rules of mixture corrected for the effects of tow irregularity suffice to estimate elastic moduli. Rough estimates of the stress at which the first failure events occur in compression or tension can be made from existing micromechanical models. Ultimate tensile failure might be modeled by regarding failed tows that are being pulled out of the composite as a cohesive zone. The characteristic length estimated for this zone, which is a direct measure of damage tolerance and notch insensitivity, has very large values of order of magnitude 0.1–0.5 m.