Abstract
A 2-year tsetse field survey was conducted in Kajo-keji County South Sudan to determine factors influencing the seasonal abundance of ＂Glossina fuscipes fuscipes＂. A total of 13,323 tsetse flies of both sexes were collected in the dry and wet seasons. Dry season catches were significantly higher than those of the wet season (DF=10, t (2011)=3.477, P (2011)=0.006; DF=10, t (2012)=7.943, P (2012)=0.0001). The number of male flies was significantly higher (DF=15, t (2011)=4.260, P (2011)=0.0001; DF=15, t (2012)=5.492, P (2012=0.000) than the female ones during the study period. The mean apparent density of the flies/trap/day in the dry season was significantly higher (DF=92, t (2011)=2.147, P (2011)=0.003; DF=92, t (2012)=3.764 and P (2012)=0.0003. Average infection rate revealed 4.9% and 9.0 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. An overall infection rate was 4.9% which varied significantly with the season (X^2=602, p＜0.000). Positive associations were observed for atmospheric temperature, rain fall and relative humidity with monthly fly apparent density at R=0.72, 0.71 and 0.82, respectively in 2011. However, in 2012 rainfall and relative humidity showed significantly negative association with the monthly fly apparent density at R=-0.85, P=0.000 and R=-0.55, P=0.031, respectively, whereas atmospheric temperature showed no statistical significant association at p＜0.05 with the monthly fly density (R=0.311, P=0.163). Atmospheric temperature, rainfall and relative humidity seem to be influencing the seasonal abundance of ＂G. f. fuscipes＂ in the study area. These ecological factors could be used in developing tsetse control strategies.
Highlights
Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is one of the seven species and subspecies of tsetse flies infesting both animals and humans in South Sudan
This study describes and discusses some ecological factors that influence the seasonal abundance, apparent density, male/female ratio and infection rate of G. f. fuscipes in Kajo-Keji County (KKC), South Sudan
Seasonal variations in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes abundance: The abundance of G. f. fuscipes in the dry and wet seasons showed that the dry season fly catches were significantly higher (p
Summary
Tsetse flies have been associated with the transmission of African trypanosomes since a century ago (Aksoy et al, 2003). They infest an approximate total area of 10 million km in sub-Saharan Africa including 250,000 km of mostly fertile agricultural land in South Sudan, exposing a population of 65 million people at risk of infection in 38 African countries (PATTEC, 2012). It has been found that the tsetse fly apparent density (mean catch/trap/day+S.E) and infection rate are the main entomological factors related to transmission and risk (WHO, 1986). This study describes and discusses some ecological factors that influence the seasonal abundance, apparent density, male/female ratio and infection rate of G. f. This study describes and discusses some ecological factors that influence the seasonal abundance, apparent density, male/female ratio and infection rate of G. f. fuscipes in Kajo-Keji County (KKC), South Sudan
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