Factors Associated with Malnutrition Among Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers in AJK, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition during pregnancy and lactation is a major public health issue in developing countries like Pakistan. This study aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2022 among 300 pregnant women and lactating mothers in the district Poonch of AJK. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), were taken. BMI and MUAC were used to assess nutritional status. Results: The prevalence of malnutrition was 39% according to BMI (<18.5 kg/m²) and 46% according to MUAC (<21 cm). Significant factors associated with malnutrition included illiteracy (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4-5.2), low family income (AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-3.8), rural residence (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.7-6.1), food insecurity (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 2.4-8.9), and lack of antenatal care (AOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2-4.5). Conclusion: Malnutrition is alarmingly high among pregnant and lactating women in AJK. Improving female literacy, socioeconomic status, and antenatal care coverage are recommended to address this public health issue.