Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme that has antioxidant potential, which confers a protective effect against the atherosclerotic process. However, studies associating genetics, dietary patterns and PON1 activity in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are scarce. Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of dietary factors on serum PON1 in CVD patients. Cross-sectional, sub-study of the BALANCE Program Trial. All patients aged 45 years or older and had evidence of established atherosclerotic disease in the preceding 10 years. Body weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile and fasting glucose were collected. Food intake was assessed with 24-h dietary recall. Data was analyzed using SAS University Edition and a P value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sample was divided into three groups, according to the PON1 T(-107)C genotype (CC, CT and TT) and serum PON1 activity (Low, Medium, High). There were no genotype differences for major factors. However, the systolic blood pressure was lower for CT individuals (p<0.05). Intake of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAS) was higher in patients with lower PON1 activity. Lipid ingestion tended to be higher in patients with lower PON1 activity (p=0.08). In the multivariate logistic regression model, SFA intake (P=0.03), genotype (P=0.09), gender (P=0.04), age (P=0.07) and carbohydrate intake (P=0.16) contributed the most to the serum PON1 activity. Based on these findings, nutritional guidance for these patients becomes essential, since dietary components interact with serum PON1 activity more than genotype.
Highlights
In the current study with subjects in secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease (CVD), we observed that the Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) T(107)C genotype had no effect on serum PON1 activity
Factors that were most associated with serum reduced serum PON1 activity were the high intake of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and MUFA
The genotype distribution for the PON1 T(-107)C polymorphism observed in our study (18%:51%:30%) was different from the reported for the American (31%:48%:20%) and world population (45%:39%:15%), for the CC, CT and TT genotypes, respectively [21]
Summary
Volunteers are part of Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial (BALANCE Program Trial) [17], which was being funded by Hospital do Coração (HCor) as part of the “Hospitais de Excelência a Serviço do SUS (PROADI-SUS) program”, in partnership with the Brazilian Ministry of Health. All eligibility criteria were reported on the study protocol [17]. Data collected refer to the 12 months of follow-up of the original study. This sub-study was approved by the local ethics committee (CAAE number 48527415.3.0000.5317) and all participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion. Body weight and height were measured using a digital calibrated scale with a coupled stadiometer (Filizola®), with an accuracy of 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively. Waist circumference was obtained by inelastic tape measure, at midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest using an anthropometric tape, with an accuracy of 0.1 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight (kg) divided by squared height (m)
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