Abstract
In the present study, nanoscale rod-shaped manganese oxide (MnO) mixtures were successfully prepared from graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) through a hydrothermal method. The as-prepared MnO nanomixtures exhibited high activity in the adsorption and degradation of methylene blue (MB). The as-synthesized products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the effects of the dose of MnO nanomixtures, pH of the solution, initial concentration of MB, and the temperature of MB removal in dye adsorption and degradation experiments was investigated. The degradation mechanism of MB upon treatment with MnO nanomixtures and H2O2 was studied and discussed. The results showed that a maximum adsorption capacity of 154 mg g−1 was obtained for a 60 mg L−1 MB solution at pH 9.0 and 25 °C, and the highest MB degradation ratio reached 99.8% under the following optimum conditions: 50 mL of MB solution (20 mg L−1) at room temperature and pH ≈ 8.0 with 7 mg of C, N-doped MnO and 0.5 mL of H2O2.
Highlights
Water pollution is currently among the major environmental challenges and has attracted increasing research attention
We investigated the effect of the hydrothermal reaction time on the formation of manganese oxide (MnO) nanomixtures
MnO-4 showed the largest surface area and total pore volume, which were beneficial for adsorption
Summary
Water pollution is currently among the major environmental challenges and has attracted increasing research attention. The wide use of dyes has resulted in organic pollution in water, and dyes are considered a severe threat to ecosystems [1,2,3,4,5,6]. As untreated dyes are very active and stable, adsorption followed by oxidative degradation has emerged as a practical and effective technique to accelerate the treatment of dye effluent pollution. Photocatalytic decomposition [11,12,13] and chemical oxidation reduction have become highly efficient techniques for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in water. Nanomixtures, mostly nanorods/nanotubes-like structured, have been widely used for contaminant adsorption/removal [14,15,16,17]. Cavallaro et al [15] investigated comprehensively the effect of anionic surfactants (sodium dodecanoate and sodium dodecylsulfate)
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