Facile method to incorporate high-affinity ACAT/SOAT1 inhibitor F12511 into stealth liposome-based nanoparticle and demonstration of its efficacy in blocking cholesteryl ester biosynthesis without overt toxicity in neuronal cell culture

Abstract

BackgroundAcyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors have been considered as potential therapeutic agents to treat several diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. While many ACAT inhibitors are readily available, methods to encapsulate them as nanoparticles have not been reported. New methodWe report a simple method to encapsulate ACAT inhibitors, using the potent hydrophobic ACAT inhibitor F12511 as an example. By mixing DSPE-PEG2000, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), and F12511 in ethanol, followed by drying, resuspension and sonication in buffer, we show that F12511 can be encapsulated as stealth liposomes at high concentration. ResultsWe successfully incorporated F12511 into nanoparticles and found that increasing PC in the nanoparticles markedly increased the amount of F12511 incorporated in stealth liposomes. The nanoparticles containing F12511 (Nanoparticle F) exhibit average size of approximately 200 nm and are stable at 4 ºC for at least 6 months. Nanoparticle F is very effective at inhibiting ACAT in human and mouse neuronal and microglial cell lines. Toxicity tests using mouse primary neuronal cells show that F12511 alone or Nanoparticle F added at concentrations from 2 to 10 µM for 24-, 48-, and 72-hours produces minimal, if any, toxicity. Comparison with existing method(s)Unlike existing methods, the current method is simple, cost effective, and can be expanded to produce tagged liposomes to increase specificity of delivery. This also offers opportunity to embrace water soluble agent(s) within the aqueous compartment of the nanoparticles for potential combinatorial therapy. ConclusionsThis method shows promise for delivery of hydrophobic ACAT inhibitors at high concentration in vivo.