Facial reanimation: an update on nerve transfers in facial paralysis.

Abstract

The aim of this article is to review the recent literature on nerve transfers in facial paralysis. The discussion focuses on direct nerve repair and three types of nerve transfers, cross facial nerve graft, hypoglossal, and masseter nerve transfers. Masseteric nerve transfers have a high probability of creating significant movement, although tone is poor. The hypoglossal to facial nerve transfer is reliable in affording facial tone and has been updated to involve a transposition technique that offers good results with minimal morbidity. Combination nerve transfer techniques using multiple cranial nerves or cross-face nerves are increasingly described. Reinnervation of the facial nerve and neural regeneration in general are areas of intense research and novel surgical approaches continue to be explored. Although direct nerve repair is the most ideal, other nerve transfers can be performed with good results. More specifically, the masseteric nerve transfer can provide excellent movement and the hypoglossal transfer good tone. Combination transfers may afford the benefits of multiple nerves.