Abstract
Facial inferencing research began with an inadvertent confound. The initial work by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen identified the six now-classic facial expressions by the emotion labels chosen by most participants: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. These labels have been used by most of the published facial inference research studies over the last 50 years. However, not all participants in these studies labeled the expressions with the same emotions. For example, that some participants labeled scowling faces as disgusted rather than angry was seen in very early research by Silvan Tomkins and Robert McCarty. Given that the same facial expressions can be paired with different emotions, our research focused on the following questions: Do participants make different personality, temperament, and social trait inferences when assigning different emotion labels to the same facial expression? And what is the stronger cause of trait inferences, the facial expressions themselves, or the emotion labels given to the expressions? Using an online survey format participants were presented with older and younger female and male smiling or scowling faces selected from a validated facial database. Participants responded to questions regarding the social traits of attractiveness, facial maturity, honesty, and threat potential, the temperament traits of positiveness, dominance, excitability, and the Saucier Mini-marker Big Five personality trait adjective scale, while viewing each face. Participants made positive inferences to smiling faces and negative inferences to scowling faces on all dependent variables. Data from participants labeling the scowling faces as angry were compared to those who labeled the faces as disgusted. Results indicate that those labeling the scowling faces as angry perceived the faces significantly more negatively on 11 of the 12 dependent variables than those who labeled the same faces as disgusted. The inferences made by the “disgust” labelers were not positive; just less negative. The results indicate that different emotion labels made to scowling faces can either intensify or reduce negativity in inferences, but the facial expressions themselves determine negativity or positivity.
Highlights
Facial expressions and the emotional perceptions made from those expressions have been confounded from the earliest facial inferencing studies
We believe that the results presented here increase the overall understanding of when and how emotion labeling influences facial inferencing, and our understanding of the limitations of emotion labeling
The emotional label becomes a heuristic signal that leads to a suite of inferences that the perceiver has learned to associate with specific emotions
Summary
Facial expressions and the emotional perceptions made from those expressions have been confounded from the earliest facial inferencing studies. The facial expression stimuli perceived as happy, angry, fearful, disgusted, sad, or surprised have been consistently identified by these emotion labels (Ekman and Friesen, 1971). If participants in facial inferencing studies label these facial expressions with the expected emotion label (for example, a smiling face labeled as happy), the labeling was listed as “accurate” or “correct,” because the labels coincided with the original Ekman and Friesen pairings of facial expressions and emotion labels. Even in the earliest studies, some participants made unexpected emotional inferences of facial expressions, such as labeling a scowling face as disgusted (Tompkins and McCarter, 1964). The emotional mislabeling of faces (according to the original Ekman and Friesen facial expression-emotion label pairings) continues to occur in facial inferencing research (Widen and Russell, 2008). The mislabeling almost always occurs between faces showing the negative emotions: anger, disgust, fear, and sadness, with the highest frequency of mislabeling occurring between anger and disgust (Egger et al, 2011)
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