Abstract
In this paper, we present the material characterization that has been made to explain the poor nonlinear performance observed in certain channel waveguides produced by soft proton exchange in periodically poled congruent lithium niobate (PPLN) crystals. The study was performed using complementary methods of domain visualization: piezoelectric force microscopy and confocal Raman microscopy. It has been shown that the waveguide fabrication process can induce the formation of the structure of needle like nanodomains, which can be responsible for the degradation of the nonlinear response of the waveguides created in PPLN crystals.
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