Fabrication of N-doped TiO2 and TiN nanorods by NH3 treatment: Evolution of morphology, structures, composition and optical properties

Abstract

We investigate the evolution of morphology, electronic and crystalline structures, elemental composition, and optical properties of TiO2 nanorods (NRs) treated in NH3 in the temperature range of 400–1100 °C using both experiments and theoretical calculations. The results show that N-doped TiO2 NRs are obtained in the temperature range of 400–550 °C, in which the formation of the N substitutional defects is more energetically favorable than the N interstitial defects. Our theoretical calculations reveal that the formation of N substitutional defects causes a significant bandgap narrowing, which arises from two different mechanisms: the upward shift of the valence band maximum for a low doping concentration and the downward shift of the conduction band minimum for a high doping concentration. Experimentally, a bandgap in the range of 2.22–2.41 eV can be achieved for N-doped TiO2, which enables the visible-light absorption and activates the visible-light photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 NRs. The nitridation starts from 700 °C and proceeds rapidly in the temperature range of 800–900 °C. However, complete nitridation is achieved when the temperature exceeds 1000 °C. The rutile phase is found to be more prone to nitridation than the anatase phase. During nitridation, the TiO2 NRs experience significant changes in morphology, structure, and optical properties. The latter is strongly affected by the remaining O concentration in the materials.