Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) proved to be a potential material for bone tissue-regeneration applications. Therefore, GO and nHAp reinforced porous polymeric nanocomposite scaffolds have been gaining significant research thrust. In this study, GO and nHAp based nanocomposite was synthesized and used as a reinforcing agent to develop gelatin-alginate (GA)-based three-dimensional porous polymeric nanocomposite scaffold. The polymeric nanocomposite scaffold (nHAp-GO/GA) was fabricated by using freeze-drying process, which may show a synergistic effect of each of the components for tissue regeneration. The scaffold demonstrates good physico-chemical properties. The porous microstructure of the scaffold is evidenced by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). High swelling of the scaffold in presence water, indicates that the scaffold is highly hydrophilic, which implies the suitability of the scaffold for tissue regeneration. Further, the incorporation of nHAp-GO enhances the compressive strength of the scaffold while reduces the rate of biodegradation, which is good for bone tissue engineering. The scaffold is biocompatible. In vitro cell study with MG-63 bone cells demonstrates the synergistic effect of each of the components of the scaffold, on mineral deposition. Therefore, it can be concluded that nHAp-GO/GA polymeric nanocomposite scaffold can be a potential candidate for bone tissue regeneration.
Highlights
Bone is made of inorganic and organic composites
NHAp-graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite was synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterized for its morphology and size by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Charged nanoparticles can penetrate into cell membranes while negatively charged nanoparticles do not enter the cell at all (Abburi and Abburi, 2019) and the surface charge of the synthesized nHAp-GO is negative, it could not enter the cell and it may aid in the surface properties of the resulting scaffold
Summary
Bone is made of inorganic and organic composites. It mainly consists of calcium phosphorus salts and collagen. The brittleness and poor flexibility of nHAp restricts its use in bone regeneration applications on its own (Bundela and Bajpai, 2008; Zhou and Lee, 2011; Salmasi et al, 2016). To overcome these shortcomings of nHAp, it is incorporated with other nanomaterials and/or polymeric scaffolds (Salmasi et al, 2016). Graphene oxide (GO) and natural polymers (i.e., gelatin, alginate, fibrin, etc.) have gained significant attention (Deepachitra et al, 2015; Kumar et al, 2019; Purohit et al, 2019)
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