Abstract
An electric-field-driven (EFD), μ-3D printed, fused polymer technique has been developed for the fabrication of large-area microscale prototype molds using typical polymer materials, including microcrystalline wax (MC-wax), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polymathic methacrylate (PMMA). This work proposes an alternative for large area microscale modes and overcomes the limitation of high cost in the traditional mold manufacturing industry. The EFD principle enables printing of fused polymers materials more than one order of magnitude lower than the nozzle diameter, contributing to the necking effect of the Taylor cone jet, which is the key factor to achieve the microscale manufacturing. Numerical simulation of electric field distribution between the meniscus and substrate was carried out to elucidate the dependence of electric field distribution on the meniscus condition of three types of polymers under printable voltage, and the electrical field parameters for the EFD μ-3D printing were determined. A number of experiments were printed successfully using a large range of viscosity materials, ranging from tens of mPa·s to hundreds of thousands of mPa·s of PCL and PMMA. The differences in parameters of different materials, such as viscosity, tensile properties, and surface energy, were studied to assess their use in different fields. Using proper process parameters and a nozzle with an inner diameter of 200 μm, three different application cases were completed, including a Wax microarray and microchannel with a minimum dot diameter of 20 μm, a PCL mesh structure with a minimum line width of 5 μm, and a PMMA large-area mold with a maximum aspect ratio of 0.8. Results show that the EFD μ-3D printing has the outstanding advantages of high printing resolution and polymer material universality.
Highlights
Micro- and nanoscale additive manufacturing is a research hotspot and it experiences technical difficulty in the current manufacturing industry
The printing materials used in this study were microcrystalline wax (MC-Wax), PCL, and polymathic methacrylate (PMMA)
In order to study the electric field distribution of different materials in the simulation model, In order to study the electric field distribution of different materials therelative simulation model, MC-Wax, PCL, and PMMA are taken as research examples
Summary
Micro- and nanoscale additive manufacturing is a research hotspot and it experiences technical difficulty in the current manufacturing industry. The main manufacturing methods for microscale molds include hot embossing [8,9], injection molding [10,11,12], laser ablation [13,14], and LIGA (Lithographie, Galvanoformun and Abformung) [15]. These technologies basically rely on high-precision prototype molds, which are costly when obtaining satisfactory manufacturing accuracy, especially for microscale molds [16,17]. In order to reduce the manufacturing cost of prototype mold preparation, the process of fabricating a convex mold using the micro- and nanoscale additive manufacturing technology is studied.
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