Abstract
Dental, oral, and craniofacial (DOC) regenerative medicine aims to repair or regenerate DOC tissues including teeth, dental pulp, periodontal tissues, salivary gland, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), hard (bone, cartilage), and soft (muscle, nerve, skin) tissues of the craniofacial complex. Polymeric materials have a broad range of applications in biomedical engineering and regenerative medicine functioning as tissue engineering scaffolds, carriers for cell-based therapies, and biomedical devices for delivery of drugs and biologics. The focus of this review is to discuss the properties and clinical indications of polymeric scaffold materials and extracellular matrix technologies for DOC regenerative medicine. More specifically, this review outlines the key properties, advantages and drawbacks of natural polymers including alginate, cellulose, chitosan, silk, collagen, gelatin, fibrin, laminin, decellularized extracellular matrix, and hyaluronic acid, as well as synthetic polymers including polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), and Zwitterionic polymers. This review highlights key clinical applications of polymeric scaffolding materials to repair and/or regenerate various DOC tissues. Particularly, polymeric materials used in clinical procedures are discussed including alveolar ridge preservation, vertical and horizontal ridge augmentation, maxillary sinus augmentation, TMJ reconstruction, periodontal regeneration, periodontal/peri-implant plastic surgery, regenerative endodontics. In addition, polymeric scaffolds application in whole tooth and salivary gland regeneration are discussed.
Highlights
IntroductionTissue deficiencies of the dental, oral, and craniofacial (DOC) structures can result from numerous diseases, disorders, and injuries, including infections, genetic disorders, cancers, and trauma
This review presents an overview of key polymeric scafBased on recent literature, this review presents an overview of key polymeric scaffolds folds used in dental, and craniofacial regenerative medicine including their properused in dental, oral, oral, and craniofacial regenerative medicine including their properties, ties, benefits, drawbacks, and clinical applications
It is well known that a biological system, besides its complexity, possesses a dynamic environment under constant reorganization to adapt to external factor facilitation and ensure the excellent functionality of organs and cells [166]. 4D printing is a new manufacturing concept that involves the use of 3D printed structures made with responsive polymers that can be stimulated by external factors such as pH, humidity, light, and temperature
Summary
Tissue deficiencies of the dental, oral, and craniofacial (DOC) structures can result from numerous diseases, disorders, and injuries, including infections, genetic disorders, cancers, and trauma. 2 ofde velopment of various types of materials including natural and synthetic polymeric scaffolding materials for clinical applications for the repair and regeneration of various deficiencies and deformities in DOC structures [2]. The clinical usage of polymeric scaffolds with or without additional cellular or biologic mediators are usage of polymeric scaffolds with or without additional cellular or biologic mediators are well-documented in regenerative therapies of tooth structures, supporting periodontal well-documented in regenerative therapies of tooth structures, supporting periodontal apparatus, alveolar bone, maxillary sinus, temporomandibular joint, and salivary glands.
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