Abstract
This study designed an efficient one-step method for synthesizing carbon-based nanofluids (CBNFs). The method employs the vortex trap method (VTM) and an oxygen-acetylene flame, serving as a carbon source, in a manufacturing system of the VTM (MSVTM). The flow rate ratio of O2 and C2H2 was adjusted to form suitable combustion conditions for the reduced flame. Four flow rate ratios of O2 and C2H2 were used: 1.5 : 2.5 (V1), 1.0 : 2.5 (V2), 0.5 : 2.5 (V3), and 0 : 2.5 (V4). The morphology, structure, particle size, stability, and basic physicochemical characteristics of the obtained carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNMs) and CBNFs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometry, ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectrophotometry, and a particle size-zeta potential analyzer. The static positioning method was utilized to evaluate the stability of the CBNFs with added EP dispersants. The evaluation results revealed the morphologies, compositions, and concentrations of the CBNFs obtained using various process parameters, and the relation between processing time and production rate was determined. Among the CBNMs synthesized, those obtained using the V4-0 flow rate ratio had the highest stability when no EP dispersant was added. Moreover, the maximum enhancement ratios of the viscosity and thermal conductivity were also obtained for V4-0: 4.65% and 1.29%, respectively. Different types and concentrations of dispersants should be considered in future research to enhance the stability of CBNFs for further application.
Highlights
Nanofluids (NFs) are solid-liquid mixtures containing nanoscale materials such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanosheets, and droplets
A high proportion of C2H2 contributed to the formation of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNMs) with more spherical particles
The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of CBNMs indicate that processing time did not affect dp for parameter configurations V2–V4, but differences were observed when V1 was employed
Summary
Nanofluids (NFs) are solid-liquid mixtures containing nanoscale materials such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanosheets, and droplets. The oxygen-acetylene flame synthesis method was employed to produce CNPs, and hybrid NFs were collected using vortex trap equipment This method is a fast, efficient, simple, and energy-conserving approach to the synthesis of carbon NFs. In recent years, numerous studies of materials such as nanocarbons, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have been conducted and have discovered that these materials have high thermal conductivity [25,26,27,28], excellent heat transfer performance [29, 30], and physical properties that are unique for such materials [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. The feasibility of manufacturing CBNFs by using the MSVTM was evaluated
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