Abstract
Since the introduction in 2014 of fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) as a sample preparation technique, it has attracted the attention of many scientists working in the field of separation science. This novel sorbent extraction technique has successfully utilized the benefits of sol–gel derived hybrid sorbents and a plethora of fabric substrates, resulting in a highly efficient, sensitive and green sample pretreatment methodology. The proposed procedure is an easy and efficient pathway to extract target analytes from different matrices providing inherent advantages such as high sample loading capacity and short pretreatment time. The present review mainly focuses on the background and sol–gel chemistry for the preparation of new fabric sorbents as well as on the applications of FPSE for extracting target analytes, from the time that it was first introduced. New modes of FPSE including stir FPSE, stir-bar FPSE, dynamic FPSE, and automated on-line FPSE are also highlighted and commented upon in detail. FPSE has been effectively applied for the determination of various organic and inorganic analytes in different types of environmental and biological samples in high throughput analytical, environmental, and toxicological laboratories.
Highlights
In modern analytical methods, sensitive techniques as well as new analytical instruments are used for the determination of various analytes in a plethora of different and complex matrices
The advantages of the fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) technique include: (a) simplicity, low cost, minimal consumption of solvents; (b) sample preparation can be completed by directly introducing the FPSE media into the vessel containing the sample matrix; (c) enhanced efficiency by sonication, magnetic stirring; (d) a plethora of organic solvents can be used as eluent; (e) minimization of sample preparation steps, reducing potential sources of errors; (f) a variety of effective sol–gel coatings can be employed as sorbent; (g) high analyte preconcentration factors; (h) high chemical resistance of the FPSE media thanks to a strong chemical bonding between the sorbent phase and the substrate
The targets in the search of novel chemistry, the sol–gelofprocess is commonly used in themain synthesis of materials as sorbents forsorbents sample depend on the extraction mode as well as on the analytes and samples, including better selectivity preparation techniques like solid–phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)
Summary
Sensitive techniques as well as new analytical instruments are used for the determination of various analytes in a plethora of different and complex matrices. FPSE successfully combines the advantages of sol–gel derived sorbents used in microextraction and the wide variety of fabric substrates, resulting in a highly efficient and green sample pretreatment technique [13,17]. The advantages of the FPSE technique include: (a) simplicity, low cost, minimal consumption of solvents; (b) sample preparation can be completed by directly introducing the FPSE media into the vessel containing the sample matrix; (c) enhanced efficiency by sonication, magnetic stirring; (d) a plethora of organic solvents can be used as eluent; (e) minimization of sample preparation steps, reducing potential sources of errors; (f) a variety of effective sol–gel coatings can be employed as sorbent; (g) high analyte preconcentration factors; (h) high chemical resistance of the FPSE media thanks to a strong chemical bonding between the sorbent phase and the substrate.
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