Abstract
The unique properties and numerous applications of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) are stimulating research on improving the existing and developing new titanium dioxide synthesis methods. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the possibilities of the extraction–pyrolytic method (EPM) for the production of nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. A titanium-containing precursor (extract) was prepared by liquid–liquid extraction using valeric acid C4H9COOH without diluent as an extractant. Simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA–DSC), as well as the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine the temperature conditions to fabricate TiO2 powders free of organic impurities. The produced materials were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed the possibility of the fabrication of storage-stable liquid titanium (IV)-containing precursor, which provided nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. It was established that the EPM permits the production of both monophase (anatase polymorph or rutile polymorph) and biphase (mixed anatase–rutile polymorphs), impurity-free nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. For comparison, TiO2 powders were also produced by the precipitation method. The results presented in this study could serve as a solid basis for further developing the EPM for the cheap and simple production of nanocrystalline TiO2-based materials in the form of doped nanocrystalline powders, thin films, and composite materials.
Highlights
IntroductionNanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) powders are of great interest due to their unique properties and numerous practical applications [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11].The current interest in titanium dioxide-based nanostructured materials is primarily associated with their high-tech applications: solar cells (dye-sensitized, quantum dots-sensitized and perovskite), lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, gas sensors and, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,12]
It is possible that the formation of such structures is associated with extraction–pyrolytic method (EPM)
This study suggests an original two-stage approach for synthesizing nanocrystalline
Summary
Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) powders are of great interest due to their unique properties and numerous practical applications [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11].The current interest in titanium dioxide-based nanostructured materials is primarily associated with their high-tech applications: solar cells (dye-sensitized, quantum dots-sensitized and perovskite), lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, gas sensors and, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,12]. Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) powders are of great interest due to their unique properties and numerous practical applications [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. The current interest in titanium dioxide-based nanostructured materials is primarily associated with their high-tech applications: solar cells (dye-sensitized, quantum dots-sensitized and perovskite), lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, gas sensors and, etc. TiO2 -based materials, including nanopowders and thin films. TiO2 is a wide bandgap semiconductor (3.2 and 3.02 eV for the anatase and rutile phases, respectively [20]) that requires UV light (5% in the solar spectrum) for its activation. TiO2 should be either doped (e.g., with N, Ta) or used in the form of nanotubes [13,21,22,23,24,25,26]
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