Extraction: An important tool in the pharmaceutical field

Abstract

The present review discuss various extraction methods used in obtaining bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. It defines key terms like "medicinal plant," "menstruum," and "marc." The choice of solvent (menstruum) depends on plant type and bioactive compounds. Polar solvents (e.g., water) are used for polar compounds, while nonpolar solvents (e.g., hexane) are used for nonpolar compounds. Solvents are categorized by polarity from least polar (n-hexane) to most polar (water). Different extraction methods are detailed, including infusion, decoction, percolation, maceration, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. The abstract covers the properties and applications of different solvents, such as water, alcohol, chloroform, ether, and ionic liquids. Factors like selectivity, safety, cost, reactivity, and recovery are important in selecting solvents. The abstract concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of different extraction methods, including hydro distillation. It emphasizes the importance of choosing the right method based on the nature of the plant material and desired compounds.