Extracting the innovation policies for Iran based on the approximation of policy implications for comparative economic doctrines

This paper uses both descriptive and comparative approaches to discuss science, technology and innovation policies in Sudan. Differing from the studies in Sudanese literature, a novel element of our analysis is that we examine innovation, science and technology policies after integrating recent secondary and primary data. We examine the main factors hindering and those contributing towards the promotion of research and development (R&D), innovation, science and technology (S&T) in Sudan. We find that insufficient financial and human resources, weak cooperation between universities and the productive sector, lack of management and organization ability, lack of R&D culture, lack of favourable conditions and necessary facilities hampered the potential role of R&D to contribute towards the development of local technologies, promotion of innovation and science, technology and innovation (STI) policies and economic development in Sudan.

Despite recent advances in the Evolutionary and Systems Perspectives to Economic Change (SI), confusion still exists about how to apply it to the design and implementation of Innovation & Technology Policy (ITP) in concrete settings. Since the ‘Normative’ aspects of SI are framed in terms so general to make them insufficient or inadequate as guides and tools for actual policymaking, a presumption exists that additional theoretical and conceptual knowledge is required. Thus a major objective of this paper is to contribute to the development of a realistic and ‘grounded’ theoretical framework for Technology and Innovation Policy which is particularly relevant both for the promotion of Business Sector R&D and of hi tech (especially IT) industries in Top Tier and other Industrializing Economies. A second objective is to contribute directly to the capability of successfully applying this conceptual framework in concrete policy settings. Rather than justifying ITP the paper focuses on characterising and applying “Salient Normative Principles or Themes” of the SI perspective to ITP. Several concrete examples are given and the notions of Policy Process, (Country) Program Portfolio Profile and Policy Environment are introduced.

<p>A large number of developed and emerging economies have introduced S&T reforms and some of them such as Japan, South Korea and later China have used them for gaining competitive advantage in science, technology and innovation through well crafted S&T policies and appropriate strategies. So far, India has pronounced four major S&T policies beginning with the Science Policy Resolution (SPR) in 1958, Technology Policy in 1983; S&T Policy in 2003 and Science Technology and Innovation Policy in 2013. In a period of six decades India has created a huge S&T infrastructure and made impressive achievements in space, defence and atomic energy, yet the feat is not as impressive in the industrial sector. In innovation competitiveness, R&D and human resource, the indices related to global manufacturing, competition, innovation and knowledge, India has not performed as well in comparison to other BRICS countries. In this paper an attempt has been made to look at, how comprehensive India’s STI policies with regard to policy components; a roadmap; strategies for execution and boldness in terms of identifying and recognising the failures and recommend major structural changes. What is intended is to understand the relationship between the domain of S&T policy and intended outcomes; the mismatch between the policy expectations and outcomes. An attempt is being made to identify possibility for correction by taking lessons from other economies, such as China.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: S&T policies, Innovation policies, Innovation ecosystem</p>

This paper aims to determine whether the dichotomy between the science, technology, and innovation policy based on neoclassical and evolutionary schools of economics is applicable to developing countries. Regarding the fundamental differences in foundations of these two economic paradigms, policymakers have been forced to select and to follow one of the two seemingly competing views. However, in developing countries, due to various market and government coordination failures, complying with one of the schools has not been successful in practice. From the past, there has been some controversy between neoclassical and evolutionary schools on the subject of science, technology and innovation policy. Using a survey questionnaire and statistical analyses of the results, this paper shows that, due to the institutional setting and structural conditions in developing countries, despite the fundamentally different foundations of the competing schools of thought, the policy implications of the schools have converged. Drawing on Theme Analysis Method, the rationales are first conceptualized and then the fuzzy method is applied to reveal the respondents’ tendency to the extracted rationales and implications of the two competing schools. In conclusion, the statistical results validate the proposed hypothesis.

Ciência, tecnologia e política de inovação desempenham um papel cada vez mais importante no contexto do desenvolvimento das sociedades modernas. Este artigo procura rever a racionalidade da política de inovação analisada sob as lentes do nosso enfoque institucional sobre processos evolucionistas mostrando como estes últimos influenciam a acumulação e a disseminação do conhecimento. A nossa pergunta principal é se podemos contribuir para aperfeiçoar o processo de auto-organização do sistema de inovações. A identificação de ausência de componentes ou elos perdidos entre os diversos blocos deste sistema de inovações pode ser a resposta afirmativa à nossa pergunta.

This paper selects the A-share non-financial listed companies in China from 2007 to 2018 as the research object to study the impact of science and technology policy on enterprise innovation and its influence mechanism, and further explore the effectiveness boundary of science and technology policy. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between science and technology policy and executive compensation; there is a significant positive correlation between technology policy and enterprise innovation; there is a significant positive correlation between science and technology policy and enterprise innovation; executive compensation plays a partial intermediary effect between technology policy and enterprise innovation. Further research on the effectiveness boundary of science and technology policy shows that: first, management power can strengthen the positive correlation between science and technology policy and executive compensation; second, regional factors have a greater impact on the relationship between science and technology policy and enterprise innovation. The ethnic regions and western regions with poor economic development level weaken the positive incentive effect of science and technology policies on enterprise innovation.

That the accumulation of technological capacity is a prerequisite for sustained socioeconomic development, I will take as a given, although the notion is insufficiently appreciated in some quarters.1 There are numerous indications that technology capacity-building in Latin America remains a marginal consideration. In this paper I will claim that, if the role of science, technology and innovation is to move closer to center stage in Latin America, neostructuralists will need to play a major role. Neostructuralists are building on structuralist foundations, while accepting some significant insights from neoclassical economics, a situation which does not bode well — neither school of thought gets acceptable marks for their understanding of the process of technology capacity-building. Yet, I will attempt to demonstrate that several important elements and interests associated with current neostructuralist thought offer convenient bridging mechanisms between their agenda and the fostering of viable and useful scientific, technological and innovative activities. The paper continues in Section I by asserting that, although there are bright spots here and there, the contributions of science and technology to socioeconomic development in Latin America are suboptimal. In Section II the neostructuralists are identified and a case is made that, by default if for no other reason, their contributions are direfully needed for fostering the accumulation of internal technology capacity. Section III discusses several areas of science and technology policy that need to be addressed, most of which should be compatible with current neostructuralist strengths and concerns. A short section concludes the paper with some reflections as to what actions might further the cause of explicitly incorporating science, technology and innovation policy into the broader panorama for fostering socioeconomic progress.

This study tries to analyse the science, technology and innovation (STI) policies based on experts` opinions and modelling of STI's policy analysis in Iran, using a mixed approach. To achieve this goal, a Meta-synthesis analysis is followed. First, relevant literature and successful experiences in the STI of several countries are reviewed thoroughly. By using a qualitative study, the proposed model dimensions, including actors, strategies, laws, resources and evaluation systems are recognised and through a field study the validity of them are tested. Gathering data through questionnaire and designing structural equation modelling framework for analysing them by LISREL software approved the proposed model. The results indicate that the STI policies of Iran are at the middle position in terms of all five determinants of the model of this study. Finally, based on overall findings, several policy implications are offered to improve the positions of dimensions of the STI policy analysis model.

This study tries to analyse the science, technology and innovation (STI) policies based on experts` opinions and modelling of STI's policy analysis in Iran, using a mixed approach. To achieve this goal, a Meta-synthesis analysis is followed. First, relevant literature and successful experiences in the STI of several countries are reviewed thoroughly. By using a qualitative study, the proposed model dimensions, including actors, strategies, laws, resources and evaluation systems are recognised and through a field study the validity of them are tested. Gathering data through questionnaire and designing structural equation modelling framework for analysing them by LISREL software approved the proposed model. The results indicate that the STI policies of Iran are at the middle position in terms of all five determinants of the model of this study. Finally, based on overall findings, several policy implications are offered to improve the positions of dimensions of the STI policy analysis model.

This study purposively selected 148 Science and Engineering Journals out of the 221 Journals registered on the African Journal Online (AJOL) directory. Data harvested were analyzed on a year-wise basis from 2012 to 2016, to identify the positive or negative growth trend of research output. The open source software “Publish or Perish” was used to query metrical data for the purposively selected journals by accessing the Google scholar database over the internet. Data were obtained to determine the degree of collaboration based on the 19 thematic areas as identified in the Nigerian Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policy document. It was further examined by measuring the authorship pattern and co-authorship index (CAI). The analysis from the study provides information on the productivity of research that has been carried out in the various thematic areas in Nigerian Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policy. It also provides information on the nature and extent of collaboration of research among the actors in the research and development system. It thus serves as a reference tool for policymakers to review science, technology and innovation policy in Nigeria.

Government and public sector demand from the perspective of demand-push policies as a tool of technology and innovation policy have been discussed in detail in the literature. Policymakers have always considered advantages such as promoting local production goals, reducing imports and dependence upon foreign countries, and meeting domestic needs with technology development and innovation. In Iran such policies have been designed and implemented and can be classified into two categories: horizontal and vertical policies. Horizontal policies refer to policy programs that regulate the general government market and the public sector. In vertical policies, however, government demand in a particular product area is regulated. In order to analyze the different types of application of these policies in Iran, several cases of horizontal and vertical policies have been studied and compared in this article. From the horizontal policies, the law of maximum use of domestic power and Foreign Finance Credit have been selected. Among the vertical policies, the policy of 10 basic oil products and the experience of the Iran-Lab-Expo have been examined. Attempts have been made to analyze and compare the above policies based on the general pattern of government programs to stimulate government demand for technology and innovation. Finally, the lessons learned from Iran’s policy experiences in the field of public sector demand orientation as a tool of technology and innovation policy are described.

This book analyzes the possibilities for effective global governance of science in Europe, India and China. Authors from the three regions join forces to explore how ethical concerns over new technologies can be incorporated into global science and technology policies. The first chapter introduces the topic, offering a global perspective on embedding ethics in science and technology policy. Chapter Two compares the institutionalization of ethical debates in science, technology and innovation policy in three important regions: Europe, India and China. The third chapter explores public perceptions of science and technology in these same three regions. Chapter Four discusses public engagement in the governance of science and technology, and Chapter Five reviews science and technology governance and European values. The sixth chapter describes and analyzes values demonstrated in the constitution of the People’s Republic of China. Chapter Seven describes emerging evidence from India on the uses of science and technology for socio-economic development, and the quest for inclusive growth. In Chapter Eight, the authors propose a comparative framework for studying global ethics in science and technology. The following three chapters offer case studies and analysis of three emerging industries in India, China and Europe: new food technologies, nanotechnology and synthetic biology. Chapter 12 gathers all these threads for a comprehensive discussion on incorporating ethics into science and technology policy. The analysis is undertaken against the backdrop of different value systems and varying levels of public perception of risks and benefits. The book introduces a common analytical framework for the comparative discussion of ethics at the international level. The authors offer policy recommendations for effective collaboration among the three regions, to promote responsible governance in science and technology and a common analytical perspective in ethics.

In OECD countries, Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policies were seen as key aspects of coping with the Covid-19 pandemic. Now that the pandemic is over, identifying which policy mix portfolios characterised countries in terms of their non-Covid-19 related and Covid-19 specific STI policies fills a knowledge gap on changes in STI policies induced by exogenous shocks. The descriptive nature of this exercise sheds light on the emergency phase, which was addressed in different ways by countries with similar STI policy portfolios in the last decade before the pandemic. Using information on STI policy initiatives in OECD countries, this paper proposes a multidimensional analysis to classify policy initiatives based on both codes (of innovation policy themes, policy instruments and target beneficiaries) and free text policies’ descriptions. Based on text mining and clustering techniques, the multidimensional analysis highlights semantic similarities between the combinations of codes and terms, making it possible to identify policy mixes that characterise non-Covid-19 related and Covid-19 specific STI policies. The cross-country comparison draws attention to the specific policy mix portfolios implemented by countries during the pandemic. The paper contributes to the literature on innovation policy mix in terms of research methods and results in identifying STI policy portfolios and groups of countries with similar structural composition of their innovation policy portfolios, implementing a range of STI strategies in tackling the pandemic. Policy implications of the findings are discussed, with a forward-looking perspective for the analysis of post-pandemic STI policies.

Science, technology and innovation (STI) policies are topics that has been much written about in the last decades. However until today no common understanding has been articulated on what these policy fields are and how they are correlated in daily practice of policy making. The book thus pursuits a completely new approach, which goes much beyond existing practices. For the first time the concept of evidence based science, technology and innovation policy making is elaborated and put into context with Foresight studies. Foresight studies are commonly understood as a measure supporting governments, public agencies and companies in designing future oriented strategies. The editorial book brings together contributions from leading international scientists, representatives of national governments and international organisations like the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

The objective of government innovation policy is to improve the living standards and prosperity of citizens through boosting innovation and productivity. In order to succeed, innovation policy needs to address the overall innovation climate, which goes beyond traditional science and technology policy, and utilise various economic and social policies. Specifically, the success of innovation policy depends on its relationship and coordination with other government economic and social policies. Considering the low performance of Canadian innovation policies in the past, this study reviews and evaluates the innovation policies of the Canadian federal government since 1963 with respect to the best practices suggested in the literature. The focus of the paper is whether the relationships between innovation policy and other economic and social policies are taken into account in the development of federal government innovation policies, and whether the government moves beyond science and technology policy in the design of innovation policy.