Extracorporeal Circulation and Venous Hemodynamics: A Literature Review on Physiological Foundations to Clinical Applications

Abstract

The venous system constitutes a vital component of the human circulatory system, facilitating the return of deoxygenated blood from tissues and organs back to the heart. During cardiac surgeries while using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), a critical step involves diverting venous blood from a cannula through the heart-lung machine, where it undergoes oxygenation before re-entering the arterial circulation. This process demands careful control and management to ensure safe and effective perfusion throughout the body. This research paper offers an exploration of venous drainage strategies in the context of cardiac surgery and other applications of extracorporeal life support. The PRISMA method was employed as the guiding framework for conducting this review. The investigation utilized a qualitative research design to assess the artificial circulation and venous dynamics. Out of 85 selected journal publications, 63 peer-reviewed and evidence-based research works were shortlisted. Through an examination of existing evidence, the author underscores the significance of precise venous cannulation techniques and drainage approaches, underscoring the influence on hemodynamics, clinical outcomes, and potential complications. The study delves into advanced monitoring methods and future prospects within the realm of venous drainage. The insights presented in this review serve as a valuable resource for evidence-based decision-making, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and elevated surgical practices.