External Validation of a Urinary Biomarker Risk Score for the Prediction of Steroid Responsiveness in Adults With Nephrotic Syndrome

Abstract

In idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, response to corticosteroids remains the best indicator of prognosis. Noninvasive markers to predict a patient's response to steroids would allow improved prognostication and a more personalized approach to management. We have previously derived a urinary biomarker risk score which can differentiate steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) from steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children. The goal of this study was to validate this previously derived biomarker risk score in a cohort of steroid-naïve adult patients, to determine whether the panel could be used to predict steroid responsiveness at the time of initial diagnosis. In this external validation study, clinical data, and urinary specimens (obtained before initiation of steroid treatment) from adult patients were used in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) cohort. A panel of 5 previously identified and validated urinary biomarkers, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), Fetuin-A (FetA), Transthyretin (TTR), and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein 2 (AGP2) was measured. A summary risk score for steroid resistance was calculated based on biomarker concentrations. Receiver operating characteristic curves were created for each log-transformed biomarker concentration and for the individual and combined biomarker risk score. The urine biomarker risk score predicted development of steroid resistance, with optimal sensitivity and specificity of 0.74, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.79 using both absolute and creatinine-corrected concentrations. This study validates the previously derived urinary biomarker risk score to predict steroid resistance in adult patients with nephrotic syndrome at initial diagnosis.