Abstract
The most constant superficial veins for transfusion are the saphenous, cephalic, and external jugular. Frequently the veins of the extremities are unsuitable for massive intra-operative transfusion. In addition, peripheral transfusions are often accompanied by venous spasm. The external jugular vein offers an admirable site for venipuncture and rapid transfusion. The vessel is large, thin-walled, and distensible. The jugular route has proved invaluable during emergency cardiovascular operations, but is indicated whenever massive transfusion is contemplated, or peripheral sites are not readily available. The jugular vein is also more accessible to the anaesthetist during the operative procedure than the saphenous or cephalic veins. The external jugular may also be used for resuscitation preceding emergency operation, and for transfusion and fluid therapy postoperatively. Its use post-operatively is limited by the risk of air embolism and by the fact that many patients are emotionally disturbed by an infusion in this region. Possible complications are interstitial transfusion, cardiac failure from too-rapid transfusion, and venous air embolism.
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