Abstract
Neotropical cichlid fishes are one of the most diversified and evolutionarily successful species assemblages. Extremely similar forms and intraspecific polychromatism present challenges for the taxonomy of some of these groups. Several species complexes have a largely unknown origin and unresolved evolutionary processes. Dwarf cichlids of the genus Apistogramma, comprising more than a hundred species, exhibit intricate taxonomic and biogeographic patterns, with both allopatric and sympatric distributions. However, karyotype evolution and the role of chromosomal changes in Apistogramma are still unknown. In the present study, nine South American Apistogramma species were analyzed using conventional cytogenetic methods and the mapping of repetitive DNA sequences [18S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and (TTAGGG)n] by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Our results showed that Apistogramma has unique cytogenetic characteristics in relation to closely related groups, such as a reduced 2n and a large number of bi-armed chromosomes. Interspecific patterns revealed a scenario of remarkable karyotypic changes, including a reduction of 2n, the occurrence of B-chromosomes and evolutionary dynamic of rDNA tandem repeats. In addition to the well-known pre-zygotic reproductive isolation, the karyotype reorganization in the genus suggests that chromosomal changes could act as postzygotic barriers in areas where Apistogramma congeners overlap.
Highlights
Cichlid fishes, representing one of the most impressive examples of adaptive radiation, are currently distributed in tropical America, Africa and Madagascar, and South Asia [1]
(i) while some groups share 2n = 48, with variations caused by pericentric inversions or other types of centromeric shifts, (ii) others show a reduction of this value (2n < 48) due to chromosome fusions; and (iii) some others present karyotypes with a high 2n value (50 to 60), mainly encompassing
(i) while some groups share 2n = 48, with variations caused by pericentric inversions or other types of centromeric shifts, (ii) others show a reduction of this value (2n < 48) due to chromosome fusions; and (iii) some others present karyotypes with a high 2n value (50 to 60), mainly encompassing centric fissions and reciprocal translocations events (e.g., [9,33])
Summary
Cichlid fishes, representing one of the most impressive examples of adaptive radiation, are currently distributed in tropical America, Africa and Madagascar, and South Asia [1]. The biological diversification of Geophagini, the most diversified Cichlinae tribe with more than 300 species [7,8], is coupled with cryptic diversity, generally associated with complex chromosome evolution [9,10,11,12,13,14]. In this clade, species with significant diversity and small body size, the so-called “dwarf cichlids” [15], including the genus Apistogramma Regan (1913), are yet largely unexplored with regard to their chromosomes. Apistogramma species represent the smallest cichlids known, ranging from 2 to 8 cm in size [21,22], with a marked sexual dimorphism, where males are larger and exhibit more exuberant color patterns [18]
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