Extensions of dark KdV equations: Nonhomogeneous classifications, bosonizations of fermionic systems and supersymmetric dark systems

Abstract

Dark equations are defined as some kinds of integrable couplings with some fields being homogeneously and linearly coupled to others. In this paper, dark equations are extended in several aspects. Taking the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation as an example, the dark KdV systems are extended to nonhomogeneous forms, nonlinear couplings and graded linear cases. The two-component nonhomogeneous linear coupled dark KdV systems are completely classified. The nonlinear coupled dark KdV systems may be obtained through the decompositions from higher dimensional integrable systems like the B-type KP equation. Graded linear coupled dark KdV systems may be produced by introducing dark parameters (including the Grassmann parameters) to usual integrable systems. Especially, applying the bosonization approach to the integrable systems with fermion fields such as the supersymmetric integrable systems and super-integrable models, infinitely many graded linear dark systems can be generated. Finally, the dark KdV systems are extended to supersymmetric ones. The full classifications for the supersymmetric dark KdV systems are obtained related to two types of usual supersymmetric KdV equations.